Fantasy vs. Reality in J. M. Coetzees Disgrace Essay -- Coetzee Disgr

Fantasy vs. Reality in J. M. Coetzees Disgrace J. M. Coetzees novel Disgrace is, on the surface, the story of a wayward college professor, Dr. David Lurie, who is aging into a disrespectful decline. But this story tells of not only the strife and wrenching change that exist in the microcosm of Luries mind, but also the parallel themes that underlie the social, political, and ethical systems that be the reality of present day South Africa. As David Lurie interacts with people and creatures outside his normal milieu, the interruption lines between his myopic view of the world and reality begin to crystallize with a disconcerting clarity.What goes on in your soul is dark to us... . These words are emblematic of the willful ignorance used to justify the actions of people, governments and society in a number of unfortunate circumstances. The alienation endemic in such a verbiage reinforces the notion that each of us is absolutely alone when it comes to matters of the soul. Often, this willful ignorance is the blindfold used to wrap ones conscious mind into a state of denial that permits the term quo to limp on.If a society can be guilty of misanthropic behavior, then it must first exist on the individual level. It is in private relationships that errors germinate and where true contrition belongs. The original context of this phrase is between Lurie and his colleges disciplinary committee. Having been caught misusing his authority to seduce a young student, the professor is asked to explain. Repentance would go a long way toward absolving his sin, but he is defiant. Though it is acknowledged that we fill our weak moments, all of us, we are only human (52), Lurie offers a justification but no contrition. As in Byrons La... ...is Lucy who must ironically point out reality by snapping, Wake up, David... this is Africa (124). Though he seems to be coming to harm with his true identity, the loss of perceived primacy is still humiliating. The best he can do is i dentify with those he had been blind to before, human and living organism alike. Lucy admits they have both in fact been reduced to having nothing, no cards, no weapons, no property, no rights, no dignity.Like a dog.Yes, like a dog. (205)But David Lurie has learned to have and to recognize dignity despite all indications to the contrary. The animals he tends all posses it as does he he has learned to concentrate all his attention on the animal they are killing, giving it what he no longer has difficulty in calling by its proper name love (219).Work CitedCoetzee, J. M. Disgrace. New York Penguin Books, 2000.

Strong Will :: essays research papers

Have you ever felt you wanted something so badly you would give up your lifefor it? well a great deal strong people , that means people with strong determination and will force-out, do. They dont exactly give up their life but put hard cypher and all their might into it. Strong people do as they wish and they also acomplish any goal they set themselves to. Throughout history there has been numerous examples of strong people but none of them compares to the example of Winston Churchill.Winsotn Churchill was dedicated to his subject field and had a strong will. He is the vivid example of a determined bit and his help in World War 2 is the best representation of what fighting for your beliefs means. He fought against the axis powers and obtained a great triumph. He set his goals notch and those were to liberate europe from all oppresion. He was the prime minister of Great Britain but some say he was the leader behind the whole associate side.He struggled year after year looking for a way to defeat the Germans and stop the state of war, he had a hard time acomplishing this and had to fight many battles twain in the trenches and outside of them to achieve his goal. This shows the persistance and the strong will he had.He had a lot of set backs and troubles in acomplishing his goals but due to his hard work and all his effort he carried out his plans. His men were dying in the western front and jewish people were getting killed due to Hitlers genocide, all this freeing through his head was alot to deal with but even though he organized himself and triumphed. This demonstrates how Winston Churchill faced adversity and beat it back with his own will power and conviction. His determination lead to his very own triumph. He knew that showing a strong arm was the best move because it showeda man with principles and who wasnt thinking on changing them. This inspired fear on German generals and influenced the outcome of the war. People who are strong in their cha racter and decisions meet all their goals. The day the war ended was the happiest in Winstons life because he felt like

A Comparison of the Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem Es

A Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem In Lorraine Hansberrys influence A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their visions come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A Raisin in the Sun has a dream for which they travelling bag their whole happiness and livelihood on attaining. However, the character of Lena Younger, or Mama, differs from the other members of her family. Time after time, Mama postpones her dream of owning a house and garden to uphold the dreams of her family members. Finally, when Mama receives the $10,000 insurance check, she feels that her dream can become reality, and purchases a house in Clybourned Park. Her dream drys up like a raisin in the sun when she learns that Walter gave the bullion to Willy Harris, who mysteriously disappears. Mama does not shatter simply because her dream has not been fulfilled. Lena Youngers strength of character has come from the steadfast endurance of hardship and a refusal to be conquered by it (Phillips 51). Mamas economic hardships may have killed her dream, but she has not allowed it to kill her. The social inequality which the Youngers encounter also does not hinder Mamas compassion. Mr. Lindner temporarily shatters Mamas dream of owning a home when he comes to the Youngers prepared to give them money to move from Clybourne Park. The derogatory use of you people by Mr. Lindner has little to no effect on Mamas steadfast decision to move to Clybo... ... beings react when a dream dies. Edward J. Mullen notes that Hughes poem represents the idea that, the inhabitants of this 1951 Harlem seem to be seeking feverishly and forlornly for some simplex yet apparently unattainable satisfaction in life (142). Both Hansberrys play and Hughes poem establish a powerful and human reaction to the finish of a dream. Works Cited Hansberry Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. 1959 Literature. 5th ed. Eds. James N. N. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, O. 1700-57. Hughes, Langston. Harlem. 1951 Literature. 5th ed. Eds. James H. Pickering and Jeffery D. Hoeper. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, 1027-28. Mullen, Edward J. minute Essays on Langston Hughes. Boston G. K. Hall, 142. Phillips, Elizabeth C. The Works of Lorraine Hansberry. New York Simon & Schuster, 1973. 48-62.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Essay --

Typically, a carnival masquerade is celebrated as a joyous and social liberation from the quite a little of mundane daily activities, but in The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allan Poe, the protagonist Montresor creates a different meaning to the festival for his so-called friend Fortunato. Edgar Allen Poe uses an inventive written material style which sets up a situation in the beginning of the story. He intrigues the reader in the first line of the story, ...but when he ventured upon insult I vowed retaliate (Poe Page 1). Poe uses this stylistic writing by providing subtle pieces of information and imagery to draw the reader in, anticipating the rest of what is to come of Montresors plan for revenge. In a evidently harmless exchange of words between men, time begins to draw to an end for Fortunato whose naivety and trust in Montressor earns grim fate as some would look at to be his destiny. Montresor, through his pride, became an angry individual and had felt that Fortunato ha d caused him a thousand injuries (Poe 1). Overshadowed by his delirious thoughts, Montresors deep hatred for Fortunato can be sensed as no more than envy or jealousy. Fortunato, a very wealthy man, dabbled into hobbies, such as being an avid wine connoisseur. on with that Fortunato is part of a high society by being a member of masons. By that, Montresor felt Fortunatos status and ability to purchase anything he desired, specifically wine, degraded his own status , ultimately causing Montresor to become displeased, disrespected, and unloved. Therefore, forcing Montresor to believe that Fortunato needs to be repressed to protect himself from these insults. In this story, I will argue that through the usage of different types of irony, Montresor did not think of... ...akes Montresor the one preforming masonry while Fortunato is actually the one belonging to the Masons.Overall, the story The Cask of Amontillado, displays a modishly set usage of ironies to depict Fortunatos death. A s verbal, dramatic, and situational ironies were used, it can be said that not everyone may be who you think they are. Fortunato who thought Montresor was a secure friend, later betrayed his trust and soon after killed him. Poe makes the story more interesting and comprehensive as it sets certain emotions within the audience to sympathize with Fortunato for desire of the Amontillado, and the pad trust in his friend.Works CitedDelaney, Bill. Poes THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO. The Explicator 64.1 (2005) 33-5. ProQuest. Web. 21 Oct. 2013.Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. Literature A Portable Anthology. 14-18. Book. 21 Oct. 2013.

Albert Einstein Essay -- physics science mathematics

Albert brainiac One of the greatest heroes of American(and international) science and horticulture in the past century has been German physicist Albert mentality. innate(p) in 1879, Einstein used his early years to educate himself and began to think up his own methods for answer his newly found inquiries into science and higher-level mathematics. In a short time during the beginning of the twentieth century, Einstein pulled together his research and incredible intellect for extraordinary gains in science and theory used throughout the world. One need not go far to view the incredible impact that innovative flare Albert Einstein has had upon the twentieth century. His impact stretches far beyond the reaches of physics and life in the early 1900s. This physicist of phenomenal philosophy, logic, and imagination has been and still is the subject of countless entrance phrases and expressions of intelligence. Albert Einstein is a forerunner of influential American icons. Because of his function to American science and inn as an immigrant, intellectual accomplishments, and discoveries in nuclear technology, it is my belief that Albert Einstein was the most influential person of the twentieth century. number 1 of all, Albert Einstein was the most important figure of the twentieth century because of his contribution to American science and society as an immigrant. This is foremost important because of the U.S.s status as the premier nation of the world. Albert Einstein has had one of the greatest ever influences upon the American way of life. He is trusty for many of the most famous scientific and philosophical standards used in America today. He was born in Germany in 1879, but Albert did not buzz off to America until 1933, when he feared for his life and fled from Nazi Germany. It was at this time that he was at his greatest fame.(PBS 1) He then began his work for the United States. His discoveries have impacted all facets of American culture. The sophisti cated Special scheme of Relativity in physics that he created models the behavior of the entire universe. As stated on Nova, planetary Relativity has spawned the most important results in new-fangled astronomy.(Levenson 4)Perhaps his largest contribution to America, Albert Einstein played a role in preserving American power. Einstein provided the biggest contribution to American science, setting most precedents fo... ...ks CitedClark, Ronald W. Einstein The smell and Times. New York Avon, 1984.Einstein, Albert. Relativity The Special and General Theory. Tran. by Robert W. Lawson. 15th ed. New York Bonanza-Crown, 1961.Einstein, Albert. The World as I See It. Translated by Alan Harris. Carol Publishing base Edition. New York Carol, 1995.Elert, Glenn. Albert Einsteins letters to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 1997. Online. Internet. for sale (15 Nov. 2009).Knowledge/Imagination/Creativity. Words of Wisdom from Albert Einstein . Online. Internet. Available (2 Nov. 2009).L evenson, Thomas. Genius Among Geniuses. Einstein Revealed. 1996. Online. Internet. Available (3 Nov. 2009).PBS (Nova). Timeline. Einstein Revealed. 1996. Online. Internet. Available (3 Nov. 2009).War/A-Bomb. Words of Wisdom from Albert Einstein. Online. Internet. Available (2 Nov. 2009). Albert Einstein Essay -- physics science mathematicsAlbert Einstein One of the greatest heroes of American(and international) science and culture in the past century has been German physicist Albert Einstein. Born in 1879, Einstein used his early years to educate himself and began to think up his own methods for solving his newly found inquiries into science and higher-level mathematics. In a short time during the beginning of the twentieth century, Einstein pulled together his research and incredible intellect for unprecedented gains in science and theory used throughout the world. One need not go far to view the incredible impact that innovative genius Albert Einstein has had up on the twentieth century. His impact stretches far beyond the reaches of physics and life in the early 1900s. This physicist of phenomenal philosophy, logic, and imagination has been and still is the subject of countless catch phrases and expressions of intelligence. Albert Einstein is a forerunner of influential American icons. Because of his contribution to American science and society as an immigrant, intellectual accomplishments, and discoveries in nuclear technology, it is my belief that Albert Einstein was the most influential person of the twentieth century.First of all, Albert Einstein was the most important figure of the twentieth century because of his contribution to American science and society as an immigrant. This is foremost important because of the U.S.s status as the premier nation of the world. Albert Einstein has had one of the greatest ever influences upon the American way of life. He is responsible for many of the most famous scientific and philosophical standar ds used in America today. He was born in Germany in 1879, but Albert did not come to America until 1933, when he feared for his life and fled from Nazi Germany. It was at this time that he was at his greatest fame.(PBS 1) He then began his work for the United States. His discoveries have impacted all facets of American culture. The sophisticated Special Theory of Relativity in physics that he created models the behavior of the entire universe. As stated on Nova, General Relativity has spawned the most important results in modern astronomy.(Levenson 4)Perhaps his largest contribution to America, Albert Einstein played a role in preserving American power. Einstein provided the biggest contribution to American science, setting most precedents fo... ...ks CitedClark, Ronald W. Einstein The Life and Times. New York Avon, 1984.Einstein, Albert. Relativity The Special and General Theory. Tran. by Robert W. Lawson. 15th ed. New York Bonanza-Crown, 1961.Einstein, Albert. The World as I See It. Translated by Alan Harris. Carol Publishing Group Edition. New York Carol, 1995.Elert, Glenn. Albert Einsteins letters to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 1997. Online. Internet. Available (15 Nov. 2009).Knowledge/Imagination/Creativity. Words of Wisdom from Albert Einstein . Online. Internet. Available (2 Nov. 2009).Levenson, Thomas. Genius Among Geniuses. Einstein Revealed. 1996. Online. Internet. Available (3 Nov. 2009).PBS (Nova). Timeline. Einstein Revealed. 1996. Online. Internet. Available (3 Nov. 2009).War/A-Bomb. Words of Wisdom from Albert Einstein. Online. Internet. Available (2 Nov. 2009).

The poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes

The poem dickens Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes is a descriptive poem by Lawrence Ferlinghetti.Night of the Scorpion & Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a MercedesThe poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedesis a descriptive poem where the poet (Lawrence Ferlinghetti) observestwo slobber men in San Francisco and two well-paid people in aMercedes. The poets observation is really about the way the garbagemen look at the well-paid people and the way the rich people look atthe garbage men when waiting at the traffic lights. This poem is abouttwo garbage men and two posh office people in the Mercedes who term of enlistment atthe same traffic light at the same time on the same day.The main reason I enjoyed this poem was because of the description ofeach person in the poem. One description I really liked was thedescription of the two people in the Mercedes, The man in the hipthree-piece linen suit with shoulder-length blond hair & sunglassesThe young blond women so casually coifed with a short skirt...

The poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes

The poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two pulchritudinous People in a Mercedes is a descriptive poem by Lawrence Ferlinghetti.Night of the Scorpion & Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a MercedesThe poem Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedesis a descriptive poem where the poet (Lawrence Ferlinghetti) observestwo garbage workforce in San Francisco and two well-paid people in aMercedes. The poets card is really about the way the garbagemen look at the well-paid people and the way the rich people look atthe garbage men when waiting at the traffic lights. This poem is abouttwo garbage men and two posh office people in the Mercedes who stop atthe same traffic light at the same time on the same day.The main reason I enjoyed this poem was because of the description ofeach soulfulness in the poem. One description I really liked was thedescription of the two people in the Mercedes, The man in the hipthree-piece linen suit with shoulder-length blond hair & sunglassesThe young blond women so casually coifed with a short skirt...

A Man’s Search for Meaning Essay

A Mans Search for Meaning is about enduring years of the Nazi concentration camps. The holocaust was one of the darkest chapters of valet de chambre history taught him that the mans primary motivational force is the search for meaning. Dr. Frankls discovery led to the breeding of the revolutionary approach to psychotherapy know as logotherapy, which is the own version of modern existential analysis. The book shows understanding why and how people can survive and cling to living given such(prenominal) apparently frail or simple reasons as love for ones children, talent to be used, or even just simple memories.It redefines gracious achievement, the will to meaning and logotherapy, and sources of meaning. Frankl recollected on the thoughts that gave him the will to live. The mental images of his wife provided the only light in the dark days of the concentration camp, and there is a exquisite scene when he is thinking of her with such intensity that when a bird hops onto a mound in front of him, it appears to be her living embodiment. He talked about the men who had given up, that could be recognized by the smoking of their last cigarettes, which couldve been traded for a scrap of food.These men decided life held nothing much for them, which Frankl thinks is a terrible mis propose. I realized that I create to find the courage to ask what life expects of me, day by day. The task isnt to survive, entirely to find the guiding truth specific to me and my situation that can only be revealed during the worst times of my life. During his experience at the Holocaust, he provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychotherapy, Logotherapy that follows Freuds psychoanalysis and Adlers Individual Psychology.Psychoanalysis requires a individuals introspection and self-centredness to reveal the basis of their neurosis. The logotherapy tries to take the person out of himself or herself and see their life in a broader perspective and sees the prime motiva ting force in human beings to be a will to meaning. In logotherapy, existential distress is not a mental disease, but a sign that we are becoming more human in the desire for meaning.He chooses not to see life simply as the satisfaction of drives or instincts, or becoming well-adjusted to society, but he believed that the salient(ip) feature of human beings is their free will. I was inspired with the new school of psychotherapy because it causes man to desire to search for their meaning. It shows the potential that humans can have in the world and how everyone can utilize their own aspects to search for their meaning. Logotherapy sees mental health in the tension between what one is and what one could become.Frankl notes that the modern person had too much license to deal with. We dont live through instinct, yet tradition is no guide and the existential vacuum, in which the bilk will to meaning is compensated for in the urge for non-important thing. There are various sources of m eaning, such as a classic source. This is defined as life purpose in the self-help literature. We shouldnt seek directly and defines happiness as a by-product of forgetting ourselves in a task that draws on all imagination. other sources experiences a legitimate another alternative to achievement in a society built around achieving. Just because we cant comprehend meaning, it doesnt mean that there isnt any. Frankl duologue about only the unfilfillment of potential is meaningless, not life. Our culture worships the young, yet it is age that is to be admitted, since the older person has loved, suffered and execute so much. The fulfillment of our own potential will make a permanent imprint on the history of the world, and that imprint defines responsibility.I saw that freedom is only half of the equation, and the other half is the responsibility to act on it. The Mans search for meaning was a great example on reflection on the negatives and turning them into positives. Through the worst times of Frankls life, he was able to make a new school of psychotherapy that talks about how suffering is a part of someones life. I was affected about how a man needs to search for meaning for the fulfillment of our own potential. The freedom is only half of the equation, and we need responsibility to act on our freedom.

The Causes and Impacts of Youth Smoking on Hong Kong

Title The causes and impacts of youthfulness locoweed on Hong Kong weed young the great unwasheds choice of life Content Page Chapter 1 Introduction P. 3-4 Chapter 2 Literature Review and methodological analysis p. 5-11 2. 1 Literature Review 2. methodological analysis 2. 3 Limitations 2. 4 Chapter summary Chapter 3 Findings p. 12-19 3. 1 Reasons of have among Hong Kong young plenty 3. Non- stag partys view towards sess 3. 3 Effects of take in on quite a littlers fibre of life in the stinting and social aspects 3. 4 Suggestions to help passelrs to take off sens 3. 5 The enduringness of g everywherenment measures in promote and component part bumrs to kibosh weed 3. Chapter summary Chapter 4 Analysis and Discussion p. 20-26 4. 1 The truth about youth hummer 4. 2 The effectiveness of giving medication measures on encouraging and helping smokers to surrender weed 4. 3 Suggestions to help smokers to surrender smoking 4. Li mitation of the take on 4. 5 Areas for further study 4. 6 After thoughts Bibliography p. 27 List of Appendices p. 8-43 Table of contents Summary table of the results of read/write headnaires Questionnaire samples ( in Chinese and English versions) Chapter 1 Introduction smoking is non proficient for health and it smells dreadful. I want to sock wherefore some(a) young slew still smoke. Hong Kong government has passed some laws about banning smoking in indoor aras and some public atomic number 18as such as parks.The government as well as shot some advertisement about renounceting smoking, such as the smoke-free Hong Kong advertisement. I want to know whether these measures atomic number 18 effective in helping smokers to quit smoking. My grandfather died because of tuberculosis. He was a heavy smoker. I want to know how smoking call for hoi pollois health. My uncle as well has a smoking habit. I want to know some ways to help smokers to quit smok ing by dint of this Independent interrogatory Studies. The focus questions of my Independent Enquiry Studies argon wherefore do some Hong Kong young population amaze smoking? , What are the non-smokers and smokers views towards smoking? , How does smoking affect Hong Kong young quite a littles quality of life in economic and social aspect? and What plenty we do to help the smokers to quit smoking? In this Independent Enquiry Studies, smoking refers to the smoking of all forms of tobacco, including cigarette, cigar, hand rolled cigarette and pipe-smoking. Hong Kong smoking young peck refers to Hong Kong residents aged 10-25 who at the measure of doing the evaluate have a smoking habit, no matter what type of tobacco they smoked and their smoking pattern. People who smoked before and have now quitted smoking refers to tribe who previously had a smoking habit for at least 1 month continuously. Quality of life refers to the degree of satisfaction in the secular and spiri tual aspects of life. There are 4 chapters in the Independent Enquiry Studies. Chapter 1 is Introduction. It includes the background of the Independent Enquiry Studies. Chapter 2 is Methodology. It includes the method of doing research in the Independent Enquiry Studies. Chapter 3 is Findings. It includes the findings of the research. Chapter 4 is Analysis.After analyzing the findings, I allow for suggest some possible answers to the focus questions. In the appendix, samples of questionnaires and a summarizing table of the findings are attached. with the Independent Enquiry Studies, we should be able to gain knowledge of non-smokers view towards smoking, assess the effectiveness of governments measures on helping and encouraging smokers to quit smoking and know some effective methods in helping smokers to quit smoking. Chapter 2 Literature Review and Methodology 2. 1 Literature Review 2. 1. 1 Youth smokersAccording to the survey on Pattern of heater conducted by the Census and statistical Department during declineember 2007 to March 2008, 10500 exhaustively deal in Hong Kong aging from 15 to 19 smoked. 2. 4% of them are daily smokers. 107800 people in Hong Kong aging from 20 to 29 smoked. 15. 9% of them are daily smokers. The percentage of daily smokers was on a gradually decreasing trend over the past 15 years from 1993 to 2008. Average daily consumption of cigarettes of 15-19 smokers was 11 cigarettes in the survey conducted during Dec 2007-Mar 2008, piece the average consumption of cigarettes of 20-29 cigarettes smokers was 12 cigarettes. 1 2. 1. 2 Causes of youth smoking According to the survey on Pattern of Smoking conducted by the Census and Statistical Department during December 2007 to March 2008, 59. 8% of daily cigarette smokers started smoking because of influence of friends, 36. 7% out of curiosity. Other reasons included necessity in social functions (8. 1%), influence of family members (7. 8%) , easing tension (4. 2%), envisage cardin als mind (3. 7%) and killing fourth dimension (3. 4%). 2 2. 1. 3 Impacts of youth smoking Many sources suggest that smoking can cause various diseases and hence has a negative impact on smokers health.On the website of Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, it suggests that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health. Smoking can cause different cancers, such as cancers of the mouth and throat, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and stomach cancer. Smoking also causes cardiac diseases, pulmonary and respiratory diseases and genital diseases, such as impotence in male smokers. 3, The website of Tobacco Control superpower Department of Health also suggests that smoking is a causative agent of many fatal diseases and cancers.Smoking can cause disorders and problems such as impotence, infertility, wrinkling and halitosis. Smoking would also bring about socio-economical consequences. 4 2. 1. 4 Methods of quitting smoking The website of Tobacco Control Office Department of Health includes s ome tips and methods that can help smokers to quit smoking. When you start to quit smoking, you will still have urges to smoke. The urge will last for just a few minutes and you will be able to get over it. The website provides some methods to help smokers get over this urge.For example, when smokers have urges to smoke, they can attack to divert their attentions to smoke by washing face, listen to music, etc. 5 2. 2 Methodology Questionnaire will be employed to collect the data for the IES. There are many good points. 1. vicenary Research Orientation 1. Scientific approach Quantitative police detectives work on simplifying complicated social phenomena into measurable mannikins. After calculation, the researcher can know the general situation of different social phenomena and their inter affinitys. 2. Objective approachThe in-person opinions of respondents whitethorn affect their answers to some questions. For example, when the respondents are asked whether the government con stitution is effective in tackling smoking, it is difficult to define effective. However, the researcher can use a to a greater extent objective approach, such as when using literature review, the researcher can compare the number of smokers before and after the government policies are implemented. Assume there are light speed00 people quit smoking after the banning smoking in restaurants. Some people whitethorn think that it is effective while some people may think that it is non effective.From this figure, we can know the actual situation. 3. Require less time and resources Instead of arranging a time doing interview with the respondents face-to-face, we can send the questionnaire to target respondents through mails. We may also upload the questionnaire online and invite respondents to answer the questionnaire through online forums and social-networking software and websites. 4. Can reach more(prenominal) respondents As the time required for each respondent to give response i s shorter, there is more time to invite more respondents to give responses.Some people may be s compassionated or shy when doing a face-to-face interview, a questionnaire is more suitable to these respondents. Since Hong Kong people are busy, many of them cannot arrange time for doing the interview. direct a questionnaire to them enables them to answer when they have time. 1. Research Procedures The mini pilot questionnaire Before actual questionnaires were distributed, the researcher talk overed the questionnaire with his teacher and classmates to ascertain whether the questions are understandable and sensible to the respondents.This also gives rough ideas of the suitability of wording and the appropriateness of the sequence of questions and the questions being asked. The questionnaires The researcher utilize online questionnaire at first to save time and resources among 1 February 2011 and 20 March 2011. However, the number of respondents was not satisfactory (237), while the t arget sample size was 300 and the researcher decided to distribute questionnaires directly in supply Bay on 27 March 2011. In the research, the researcher divided the respondents into three target groups, including non-smokers, smokers and ex-smokers.Each target group had a unique set of questions in order to answer different focus questions in the research. The questions were provided with choices to drag data analysis easier and save respondents time. Questionnaire questions Most of the questionnaire questions were provided with options and the option former(a)s for respondents to give answers that were not given up in the options. There were a lot of options in the questions so as to cover most possible opinions of respondents. This surely saved respondents time in completing the questionnaire and the researcher can analyze the data easily.The questionnaire had both Chinese and English versions, so the respondents could understand the questions easily and give appropriate resp onses. Examples were also given after the some relatively difficult words to ensure the respondents understand the questions clearly. 1. Data Analysis Numerical expression of data In order to make the data comparable, all answers are arranged in different categories and both numbers of respondents choosing that option and the percentage of respondents choosing that option (only in questions that the respondents could only cull one option) were shown. . Limitations The questionnaires are distributed online and in the Causeway Bay, so people who do not live in Causeway Bay and cannot access to the internet cannot get the questionnaire. Therefore, the responses may be dark-skinned and confined. 3. Chapter Summary This chapter has given the theoretical framework for this research, including the literature review and methodology of this research. In this research, questionnaire was used master(prenominal)ly.To enhance readers understanding of the research, both the research procedure and data analysis with also its objective and scientific approach were included. Chapter 3 Findings In this chapter, the researcher is going to present the data collected through questionnaires. The research emphasizes on the causes and impacts of youth smoking on Hong Kong smoking young peoples quality of life. In 3. 1, there will be a discussion on the reasons why some Hong Kong young people start smoking. In 3. 2, the Hong Kong non-smoking young peoples view towards smoking will be investigated.In 3. 3, how smoking affects Hong Kong smoking young peoples quality of life in the economic and social aspects will be explored. In 3. 4, the researcher will attempt to give some suggestions to help Hong Kong smoking young people to quit smoking. In 3. 5, the researcher will give a discussion on the effectiveness of government measures on encouraging and helping smokers to quit smoking. 3. 1 Reasons of smoking among Hong Kong young people The researcher has distributed 100 questionnaires to Hong Kong smoking young people.As shown in figure 1, the reasons why some Hong Kong young people smoke are influence of friends (60%), curiosity (36%), influence of family members (8%), releasing pressure (8%) killing time (4%) and refreshing ones mind (4%) Options chassis of respondents make up ones mind of friends 60 Influence of family members 8 tenuity 36 Release pressure 8 killing time 4 refreshing ones mind 4 Figure 1 Summary table showing the reasons why some Hong Kong young people smoke 3. 2 Non-smokers view towards smoking The researcher has also distributed 100 questionnaires to Hong Kong non-smoking young people. As shown in figure 2, among 100 Hong Kong non-smoking young people, 95 of them do not like people who smoke, only 5 of them like people who smoke. pic Figure 2 a pie chart showing the general opinions of Hong Kong non-smoking young people on Hong Kong smoking young people As shown in figure 3, among the 5 Hong Kong non-smoking young people who like sm oking people, all of them like people who smoke because they think that smoking people are attractive. 4 of them also like the smell of cigarettes. Options Number of respondents Smoking people are attractive 5 I like the smell of cigarettes 4 exploited smoke is good for my health 0 Figure 3 Summary table showing the reasons why some Hong Kong non-smoking young people like people who smoke. (they can look at more than 1 option) As shown in figure 4, among the 95 Hong Kong non-smoking young people, 80 of them dilikes people who smoke because they think that smoking people are not attractive. 85 of them hate the smell of cigarettes. All of them agrees that secondhand smoke is bad for their health,so they disfavour people who smoke. Options Number of respondents Smoking people are not attractive 80 I hate the smell of cigarettes 85 Secondhand smoke is bad for my health 95 Figure 4 Summary table showing the reasons why some Hong Kong non-smoking young people dislike people who smoke (Respondents can use up more than 1 option) 3. 3 Effects of smoking on smokers quality of life in the economic and social aspects As shown in figure 5, among the 100 Hong Kong smoking young people, 9% of them spend $0-50 in purchasing cigarettes per workweek. 80% of them spend $51-100 in acquire cigarettes per week. 11% of them spend $101-150 in buying cigarettes per week. So, smokers have a greater expense and thus smoking have a negative impact on smokers quality of life in the economic aspect. Options Number of respondents percentage $0-50 9 9% $51-100 80 80% $101-150 11 11% $151-200 0 0% $201-250 0 0% $251-300 0 0% $301-350 0 0% $350 or above 0 0% Figure 5 Summary table showing how much do Hong Kong smoking young people spend on buying cigarettes per weekAs shown in figure 2, 95% of Hong Kong non-smoking young people responded dislike people who smoke. This shows that smoking has adverse impacts on the relationship between smokers and non-smokers. Hence, smoki ng adversely affects smokers quality of life in social aspect. 3. 4 Suggestions to help smokers to quit smoking The researcher has conducted questionnaires with 100 ex-smokers in Hong Kong. As shown in figure 6, among 100 ex-smokers responded, all of them discarded all cigarettes and ashtrays to quit smoking. 80 of them used medications for quitting smoking. 90 of them tried to avoid staying in places where people smoke. 77 of them used smoking effect services provided by smoking intent clinics. Options Number of respondents eject all cigarettes and ashtrays 100 apply medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine 80 reconcile and nicotine gum) Avoid staying in places where people smoke 90 exploitation smoking cessation services provided by smoking 77 cessation clinics Figure 6 Summary table showing what measures ex-smokers took to quit smoking (Respondents can choose more than 1 option) 3. The effectiveness of government measures in encouraging and helping smo kers to quit smoking According to figure 7, 76 of the 100 ex-smokers responded decided to quit smoking because of the advice from health premeditation professionals. 54 of them decided to quit smoking because of health reasons. 23 of them decided to quit smoking because of influence of friends. 59 of them decided to quit smoking due to influence of family members. 9 of them decided to quit smoking as requested by boss or teachers. 43 of them decided to quit smoking due to government policies. Options Number of respondents Health reasons (with advice from doctors/ other health care 76 professional) Smoking is not good to my health 54 Influence of friends 23 Influence of family members 59 Requested by boss/ teachers 9 administration policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking 43 areas) Figure 7 Summary table showing why ex-smokers decided to quit smoking ( Respondents can choose more than one option) 3. 6 Chapter summary With the aids of pie charts and tables, the c hapter attempts to give a discussion on the reasons why some Hong Kong young people start smoking, the non-smokers views towards smoking, how smoking affect smokers quality of life in the economic and social aspects, the effectiveness of government measures in helping and encouraging the smokers to quit smoking and suggestions to help smokers to quit smoking. The main reasons why some Hong Kong young people start smoking are influence of friends and curiosity.Most Hong Kong non-smoking young people dislike people who smoke. Smoking has adverse impacts on smokers quality of life in both economic and social aspects. Government measures are effective in helping the smokers to quit smoking as 77 of the 100 ex-smokers responded used smoking cessation services provided by government smoking cessation clinics. Government measures are not effective in encouraging the smokers to quit smoking since only 43 of the 100 ex-smokers responded quit smoking because of government policies such as exp anding statutory no smoking areas. Further discussion and analysis are to be followed in chapter 4. Chapter 4 Analysis and DiscussionBased on the findings done in Chapter 3 and related studies, this chapter would discuss the causes of youth smoking, the impacts of youth smoking on Hong Kong smoking young peoples quality of life in the economic and social aspect, the effectiveness of government measures in encouraging and helping the smokers to quit smoking and further explore some methods to help smokers to quit smoking. 4. 1. The truth about youth smoking 4. 1. 1. The causes of youth smoking As said in chapter 3, the causes of youth smoking are influence of friends, curiosity, influence of family members, releasing pressure, killing time and refreshing ones mind. To explain the causes of youth smoking, the following may serve as reference. Influence of friends In general, adolescents value the relationship with their friends.In order to have a good relationship with their peers, t hey will try their best to obtain their affirmation and acceptance. So, influence of friends is a main reason why some Hong Kong young people start smoking. queerness Nowadays, smoking scenes frequently appears on television and films. Hong Kong young people and children often see people smoking on the street. They may have a pervert concept that smoking people are cool. They begin to develop the curiosity to smoke. When there are some chances for them to start smoking, such as being invited by friends they are more likely to start smoking. Influence of family members In the childhood, parents are the idols of their children. Children tend to follow what their parents do.If children see their parents smoking, they will have a higher object to follow their parents and start smoking. They will also have a higher curiosity towards smoking. Smoking parents is harder to drive off their children from smoking because the parents themselves smoke, too. So, influence of family members is also one main cause of youth smoking. 4. 1. 2 The impacts of smoking on smokers quality of life As mentioned of chapter 3, smoking has adverse impacts on smokers quality of life in the economic and social aspect. The following will explain the impacts of smoking on smokers in details. In the economic aspect Smokers have to spend coin on buying cigarettes.The government has recently increased the tobacco tax and worked hare to tackle contraband and counterfeit cigarettes problem. The prices of cigarettes therefore increases and smokers have to pay more on cigarettes. As shown in chapter 2, smoking is detrimental to health as it may lead to different cancers and other diseases such as infertility. So, smokers may be easier to get a disease and their medical expenses may increase. Therefore, smoking brings negative impacts on smokers quality of life in the economic aspect. In the social aspect As shown in chapter 3, most non-smokers dislike people who smoke. Therefore, smokers ha ve a poor relationship with most non-smokers.Smokers have a poorer relationship with non-smokers and hence the social aspect of quality of life of smokers is negatively affected. On the other hand, smokers may have a better relationship with other smokers. For example, cigarettes are often used as gifts among business community in China. People can get recognition from other smokers by smoking. So, smokers have a better relationship with other smokers and hence smoking brings exacting impacts on smokers quality of life in the social aspect. 4. 2. The effectiveness of government measures on encouraging and helping smokers to quit smoking 4. 2. 1 The effectiveness of government measures Smokers are often addicted to cigarettes.They experience many withdrawal symptoms when they try to quit smoking, such as dizziness, headache and poor concentration. Therefore, it is difficult for smokers to quit smoking. As mentioned in chapter 3, the effectiveness of government measures on encouragi ng smokers to quit smoking is low. 2. The effectiveness of government measures on helping smokers to quit smoking As declared in chapter 3, many ex-smokers used smoking cessation services provided by smoking cessation clinics to quit smoking. This shows that government measures are effective in helping smokers to quit smoking. 2. Suggestions to help smokers to quit smoking It is difficult to quit smoking.However, smokers can use some methods adopted by most ex-smokers to quit smoking. Here are some examples. Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays Avoid staying in places where people smoke Using medications for quitting smoking ( such as nicotine patch and nicotine gun) 3. Limitation of the study branch and foremost, the study involving 300 respondents for sampling may not be able to represent the opinions of non-smokers, smokers and ex-smokers. The distribution of questionnaires are done online and in Causeway Bay, so people who do not have the access to the internet nor live in Ca useway Bay may not get the questionnaire. Therefore, the responses may be biased and confined.Due to the limited resources, the researcher has already tried to work out the generalized pattern of peoples opinions towards smoking as much as possible. The researcher has also studied similar studies done by the government in a much larger scale. Hence, the reliability of the study can be increased. season has always been a constraint to the researcher. So as to ensure the general trend of peoples opinions, the researcher has spent considerable time on analyzing the data and arranging them into summary tables and pie charts. 4. Areas for further study Despite the limitations, the study can hopefully uph out of date the complexity of the causes and impacts of youth smoking. This study has brought some insights to the policy makers in encouraging and helping Hong Kong smoking people to quit smoking.The following suggestions may also serve as good topics for further studies New methods t o stop people from starting to smoke New methods of encouraging and helping smokers to quit smoking by other stakeh quondam(a)ers (besides the government and individuals) The rationale behind these suggestions is highly understandable. cake is better than curing. It is easier to stop people from starting to smoke than helping smokers to quit smoking because smokers are addicted to cigarettes. Therefore, looking for methods to encourage people not to start smoking is a more useful method to reduce the smoking population in Hong Kong. As stated in 4. 2. , the current government measures are not effective in encouraging smokers to quit smoking. Also, development of new cheaper and more comfortable methods to quit smoking may encourage smokers to quit smoking. Therefore, a research on new methods to encourage and help smokers to quit smoking is contributive to reduce smoking population in Hong Kong. 5. Afterthoughts To the researchers belief, this study helps readers to gain knowledg e of peoples view towards smoking and know some effective methods in helping smokers to quit smoking. This study has also assessed the effectiveness of governments measures in encouraging and helping smokers to quit smoking. Bibliography Books Census and Statistical Department. Pattern of smoking, Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics (Hong Kong, June 2009) Websites Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Risks? alert Smoking http//smokefree. hk/en/content/web. do? page=ActiveSmoking (Retrieved on 17 April 2011) Tobacco Control Office Department of Health. Smoking and Health http//www. tco. gov. hk/english/infostation_sh. hypertext mark-up language (Retrieved on 17 April 2011) Tobacco Control Office Department of Health. Quitting Smoking http//www. tco. gov. hk/english/quittting/quitting_vcqs. thml (Retrieved on 17 April 2011) Appendix I Summary table of the results of the questionnaires For non-smokers 1. How centenarian are you? Choices Number of respondents 10-15 23 16-20 45 21-25 32 2. What is your sex? Choices Number of respondents Male 79 Female 21 3. Can you suggest some methods that you think that are effective in helping smokers quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays 100 Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine 90 patch and nicotine gum) Avoid staying in places where people smoke 90 Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking 93 cessation clinics Others(please state) 0 4. Do you like people who smoke? Choices Number of respondents Yes (please go to question 5) 95 No (please go to question 6) 5 5. Why do you like people who smoke? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Smoking people are attractive 5 I like the smell of cigarettes 4 Secondhand smoke is good for my health 0 Others(please state) 0 6. Why do you hate people who smoke? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respon dents Smoking people are not attractive 80 I hate the smell of cigarettes 85 Secondhand smoke is bad for my health 95 Others(please state) 0 7. Do you have relatives or friends who smoke? Choices Number of respondents Yes (please go to question 8) 63 No (Thank you for completing the survey) 37 8. Have you tried to persuade your relatives or friends to quit smoking? Choices Number of respondents Yes (please go to question 9) 27 No (Thank you for completing the survey) 26 9. After your persuasion, did your relatives or friends try to quit smoking? Choices Number of respondents Yes 8 No 15 I do not know 4 For smokers 1. How old are you? Choices Number of respondents 10-15 3 16-20 45 21-25 52 2.How long have you been smoking? Choices Number of respondents 1-3 years 63 4-6 years 19 7-10 years 15 10 years or above 3 3. Do you agree that smoking is bad to your health? Choices Number of respondents Agree 92 Disagree 8 4. Do you agree that you are addicted to cigarettes? Choices Number of respondents Agree 87 Disagree 13 5. How many cigarettes you smoke per day? Choices Number of respondents 1-3 12 4-6 34 7-9 40 10-12 13 13-15 1 16-18 0 18-21 0 22 or above 0 6. How much do you spend on buying cigarettes per week? (Hong Kong Dollars) Choices Number of respondents $0-50 9 $51-100 11 $101-150 80 $151-200 0 $201-250 0 $251-300 0 $301-350 0 $350 or above 0 ? $301-350 ? $350 or above 7. Where do your coin buying cigarettes come from? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Work 44 Petty silver from family members 78 From illegal ways 0 Borrow from family members/friends 23 Others(please state) 0 8. Do you relatives or friends know that you smoke? Choices Number of respondents Yes (please go to question 9) 67 No (please go to question 10) 33 9. Generally, do they support you to smoke? Choices Number of respondents Yes 13 No 33 I do not know 21 10. Why do you smoke ? (You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Influence of friends 60 Influence of family members 8 Curiosity 36 Release pressure 8 cleanup time 4 refreshing ones mind 4 Others(please state) 0 11. What are the bad effects of smoking on you? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents I am not welcomed 23 I am less legal 92 Not enough money 30 Makes me ugly 43 Bad fig 33 Poor relationship with relatives 37 Poor relationship with friends 29 Others(please state) 0 12. What are the good effects of smoking on you? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents I am welcomed 63 I am more healthy 8 I have more money 47 I am more handsome/beautiful 57 Good image 57 Better relationship with relatives 10 Better relationship with friends 70 Others(please state) 0 13. Have you tried to quit smoking? Choices Number of respondents Yes (please go to question 14) 20 No (Thank you for completing the surv ey) 80 14. Why did you quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ other health care 3 professional) Smoking is not good to my health 5 Influence of friends 2 Influence of family members 13 Requested by boss/ teachers 15 Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking 3 areas) Others(please state) 0 15. What methods did you use to quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays 20 Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine 17 patch and nicotine gum) Avoid staying in places where people smoke 18 Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking 18 cessation clinics Others(please state) 0 16. Why did you fail to quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Not set enough 20 Smoking has become a habit/favourite 20 Quitting smoking is suffering 20 Othe rs(please state) 0 For ex-smokers 1. How old are you? Choices Number of respondents 10-15 0 16-20 15 21-25 85 2. Why did you smoke? (You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Influence of friends 83 Influence of family members 15 Curiosity 40 Release pressure 13 killing time 15 refreshing ones mind 3 Others(please state) 0 3. Why do you quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Choices Number of respondents Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ other health care 76 professional) Smoking is not good to my health 54 Influence of friends 23 Influence of family members 59 Requested by boss/ teachers 9 Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking 43 areas) Others(please state) 0 4. What methods did you use to quit smoking? You may choose more than 1 option) Options Number of respondents Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays 100 Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine 80 patch and nicotine gum) Avoid staying in places where people smoke 90 Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking 77 cessation clinics 5. What is the most important factor that help you to quit smoking successfully? Choices Number of respondents Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ other health care 76 professional) Determination to quit smoking 100 Support from family member and/or friends 67 Requested by boss/ teachers 13 Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking 43 areas) Others(please state) 0 Appendix II Samples of Questionnaires ( ) 2007 10500? 15 19 , , 10 25 1. ? 10-15? 16-20? 21-25 2. ? ? ? ? 3. ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? ( ) 4. ( 5? ) ( 6? ) 5. ( ) ? ? ? ( ) 6. ( ) ? ? ? ? ( ) 7. ( 8? ) ( ) 8. ( 9? ) ( ) 9. ( ) , 2007 10500? 15 19 , , 10 25 1. ? 10-15? 16-20? 21-25 2. ? ? 3. ?1-3? ?4-6? ? 6-10? ? 10 4. 5. 6. ?1-3 ? 4-6 ? 7-9 ? 10-12 ? 13-15 ?16-18 ? 19-21 ? 22 7. ( ) ?$0-50 ? $51-100 ? $101-150 ? $151-20 0 ? $201-250 ? $251-300 ? $301-350 ? $350 8. ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ( ) 9. ( 10? ) 11? ) 10. , 11. ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) 12. ( ) ? ? ? ? / ? ? ? ? ? ( ) 13. ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) 14. ( 15? ) ( ) 15. ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ( ) ? ( ) 16. ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? ( ) 17. ( ) ? ? / ? ? ( ) ( ) , 2007 10500? 15 19 , , 10 25 2. ? 10-15? 16-20? 21-25 2. ? ? ? ? 3. ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( ) 4. ( ) ? ( ) ? ? / ? ? ? ( ) ? ( ) 5. ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? ( ) 6. ? ( ) ? ? ? ( ) ? / ? ( ) Youth Smoking (non-smokers)Background learning In recent years, the number of youth smoking increases steadily. A survey in 2007 reveals that 10500 Hong Kong people aged 15-19 smoked. Through this survey, I want to let out the opinions of non-smokers and smokers towards smoking, the reasons why smokers smoke and how smoking affect smokers and non-smokers quality of life. This survey is only set for people aged 10-25 1. How old are you? ? 10- 15? 16-20? 21-25 2. What is your sex? ? male ? female 3. Can you suggest some methods that you think that are effective in helping smokers quit smoking? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine patch and nicotine gum) ? Avoid staying in places where people smoke ? Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking cessation clinics ? Others(please state) 4. Do you like people who smoke? ? Yes (please go to question 5) ? No (please go to question 6) 5. Why do you like people who smoke? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Smoking people are attractive ? I like the smell of cigarettes ? Secondhand smoke is good for my health ? Others(please state) 6. Why do you hate people who smoke? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Smoking people are not attractive ? I hate the smell of cigarettes ?Secondhand smoke is bad for my health ? Others(please state) 7. Do you have relatives or friends who smoke? ? Yes (please go to question 8) ? No (Thank you for completing the survey) 8. Have you tried to persuade your relatives or friends to quit smoking? ? Yes (please go to question 9) ? No (Thank you for completing the survey) 9. After your persuasion, did your relatives or friends try to quit smoking? ? Yes? No ? I do not know Thank you for completing the survey Youth Smoking (smokers) Background Information In recent years, the number of youth smoking increases steadily. A survey in 2007 reveals that 10500 Hong Kong people aged 15-19 smoked.Through this survey, I want to identify the opinions of non-smokers and smokers towards smoking, the reasons why smokers smoke and how smoking affect smokers and non-smokers quality of life. This survey is only set for people aged 10-25 1. How old are you? ? 10-15? 16-20? 21-25 2. How long have you been smoking? ? 1-3 years? 4-6 years? 7-10 years ? 10 years or above 3. Do you agree that smoking is bad to your health? ? Agree ? Disagree 4. Do you a gree that you are addicted to cigarettes? ? Agree ? Disagree 5. How many cigarettes you smoke per day? ? 1-3 ? 4-6? 7-9? 10-12? 13-15? 16-18 ?18-21? 22 or above 6. How much do you spend on buying cigarettes per week? (Hong Kong Dollars) ? $0-50 ? $51-100 ? 101-150 ? $151-200 ? $201-250 ? $251-300 ? $301-350 ? $350 or above 7. Where do your money buying cigarettes come from? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Work ? Petty cash from family members ? From illegal ways ? Borrow from family members/friends ? Others(Please state) 8. Do you relatives or friends know that you smoke? ? Yes (please go to question 9) ? No (please go to question 10) 9. Generally, do they support you to smoke? ? Yes? No ? I dont know 10. Why do you smoke? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Influence of friends ? Influence of family members ? Curiosity ? Release pressure ? killing time ? refreshing ones mind ?Others(please state) 11. What are the bad effects of smoking on you? (You may choose more than 1 op tion) ? I am not welcomed ? I am less healthy ? Not enough money ? Makes me ugly ? Bad image ? Poor relationship with relatives ? Poor relationship with friends ? Others(please state) 12. What are the good effects of smoking on you? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? I am welcomed ? I am more healthy ? I have more money ? I have better relationship with relatives ? I am more handsome/beautiful ? good image ? I have better relationship with friends ? Others(please state) 13. Have you tried to quit smoking? ? Yes (please go to question 14) No (Thank you for completing the survey) 14. Why did you quit smoking? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ other health care professional) ? Smoking is not good to my health ? Influence of friends ? Influence of family members ? Requested by boss/ teachers ? Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking areas) ? Others(Please state) 15. What methods did you use to quit smoking? (You may choo se more than 1 option) ? Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays ? Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine patch and nicotine gum) ? Avoid staying in places where people smoke Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking cessation clinics ? Others(please state) 16. Why did you fail to quit smoking? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Not determined enough ? Smoking has become a habit/favourite ? Quitting smoking is suffering ? Others(please state) Thank you for completing the survey Youth Smoking (Ex-smokers) Background Information In recent years, the number of youth smoking increases steadily. A survey in 2007 reveals that 10500 Hong Kong people aged 15-19 smoked. Through this survey, I want to identify the opinions of non-smokers and smokers towards smoking, the reasons why smokers smoke and how smoking affect smokers and non-smokers quality of life.This survey is only set for people aged 10-25 1. How old are you? ? 10-15? 16-20? 21-25 2. Why did you smoke? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Influence of friends ? Influence of family members ? Curiosity ? Release pressure ? killing time ? refreshing ones mind ? Others(please state) 3. Why do you quit smoking? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ other health care professional) ? Smoking is not good to my health ? Influence of friends ? Influence of family members ? Requested by boss/ teachers ? Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking areas) ? Others(Please state) 4.What methods did you use to quit smoking? (You may choose more than 1 option) ? Discard all cigarettes and ashtrays ? Using medications for quitting smoking (such as nicotine patch and nicotine gum) ? Avoid staying in places where people smoke ? Using smoking cessation services provided by smoking cessation clinics ? Others(please state) 5. What is the most important factor that help you to quit smoking successfully? ? Health reasons(with advice from doctors/ o ther health care professional) ? Determination to quit smoking ? Support from family member and/or friends ? Requested by boss/ teachers ? Government policies(such as expanding statutory no smoking areas) ?Others(Please state) Thank you for completing the survey 1 Census and Statistical Departmen

Development and behavior in the environment Essay

Life is a changing process, from the moment of conception to the moment of death, and there argon galore(postnominal) complex processes of information that a human being experienced. People have the inherent ability to enlarge, to change and to develop in the entire way of living. People show an underlying persistence from one time of life to another. In other way, they change in one area with aspects of both continuousness and change is portion outed personality development. Human development is the scientific study of the quantitative and qualitative ways by which people change overtime.A procedure of becoming something distinct while insom respects are alike. Perhaps what is uniquely human is what we remain in an unending state of development. Life is always an incomplete business, and death is only a cessation. Human demeanour to the Environment According to Papalia (1992) people are not passive sponges, soaking up influences. They actively shape their own environment and the y respond to the biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. In the development of all new behavior patterns, even where learning is an important factor, no amount of stimulation or practice leave establish the behavior pattern until certain maturation has been reached.Therefore, it is not the behavior itself that matures, for behavior implies an interaction between the individuals and component in his environment. To study broader aspects of human behavior, it is important to consider the fact that heredity does not operate in void but that it is steadily limited and modified by environment. Theories and Concepts Jean Piaget Cognitive Stage guess The Swiss theoretician Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was the most prominent advocate of the organism perspective.Much of what we know astir(predicate) the way squirtren is due to his creative inquiry. He strengthened complex theories about cognitive development changes in children thought processes that results in a growing ability to acquire and use knowledge about their world. Piaget believed that from archeozoic childhood to adolescence, children advance through a predictable series of cognitive stages. Freud s Stages of Psychosocial Development Freud believed that personality is precise formed in the first few geezerhood of life, as children deal with conflicts between their biological, sexually related urges and the requirement of society.Freud saw that human personality is made up of three elements, which he called the id, the ego, and the superego. In these elements we will be convinced that humans are urge to do things in their own perspective depending on what kind of element they had adapted from the environment obtain them, this also answers the questions why each person is totally unique from the other. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorism In 1906, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov has discovered a wadonical form of learning called chaste conditioning, also referred to as Pavlovs conditioning th eory, in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with one another.Latest research integrate this theory that this basic process can account for how people form certain preferences and fears. Environment All the conditions in the world that influence behavior, growth, development is what we define as environment, it includes the inner(a) (cells, tissues, organs and system of the body), and social ( the people around us both within our family ties, jobs, school and those that seems to give a big influence in our cursory living).The interaction of heredity environment determine human traits and characteristics. Heredity determines how high level of development a given environment can bring about in a given period of time. Environment determines how effective a certain heredity can be in influencing development over a given period of time. The function of the environment is that it supplies the stimuli that set off patterns of response already prepared by maturation. It also provide situation which are semiconductive to the persons learning new patterns of altering old ones.Applied knowledge We will be considering two infant who have different parents lets tell apart them Angie and Charlene, both of their parents work outside the home at full time jobs. Angies parents are able to arrange their schedules so that one parent is at home when Angie and her sisters return to school, should the parents be delayed the children go to the neighbor which is a grandmotherly figure. Her parents do their best to give them quality time. Homework is taken seriously by Angie and her parents the reason why Angie at an early age realizes the value of good education.While on the other side Charlenes parents like his father does not usually stays at home when he is not working, he can be found with friends at a local bar the very(prenominal) way with her mother who have no longer time in cooking their food and depend on fast food as a regular basis. She has difficulty c oncentrating in school, and spends a good deal of time with friends at a local bar, all of whom enjoy riding the bus business district to go to the movies. Angies parents are giving her maximum support while Charlene is not experiencing the same amiable but firm urge that encourages Angie to move on and develop into capable young adult.In this scenario, I could conclude that attention and time is very important in up bringing a child both psychologically and emotionally. Addiction Everything that the mother takes in makes its way to the new life in her uterus. Drugs may cross the placenta, just as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and irrigate do. The use of drug addicting substances such as marijuana, nicotine, cocaine, caffeine and opiates. The use of marijuana by pregnant women could affect her infants nervous system and can lead to birth defects. Drugs and chemical agents cross the placenta affect the embryonic and fetal system.Dynamics of abuse and neglect Adults hurt and neglect childr en because of various causes including the characteristic of the maltreater or neglecter, the victim the family, the community, and the larger culture. Almost of the abusers are not psychotic and do not have criminal personalities but many are lonely, unhappy, depressed, angry, dissatisfied, single out and under great stress, or they have health problems that impair their ability to raise their children. Conclusion Human development is not merely an increase in body weight and height of a human being rather it is the total influence of environment and heredity.The behavior of a person to the environment depends principally on maturation of his mind and capability of the body to out stand adverse condition, from the start of conception of a mother the time the ovum is fertilized by the sperm cell of the father is the beginning of the development Environment participates seventy percent and thirty percent of heredity in the development of a person, many factors should always to be c onsidered to produce a human that will be an asset to the society.Work Cited Forgas, J. P. , and G. H. Bower.(1997) Moods Effects on Personality Perception Judgements. Journals of Personality and mixer Psychology. New Jersey. Papalia, D. E. and Olds, S. W. (1992) Human Development (International Edition) USA McGraw Hill, Inc. Snyder, W. and Ooms, T. (Editors) (1998) Empowering Families, Helping Adolescents. U. S. A. Diane Publishing. Vander, J. W. , Crander, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. (2007) Human Development (8th Ed. ) USA McGraw Hill, Inc. Zayas, L. H. , Rojas, M. ,and Malgady, R. (1998). Alcohol and drug use, and depression among Hispanic men in early adulthood. American Journal of Community Psychology.

Drugs and Alcohol in the Workplace

Use of Drugs and Alcohol in the Work outrank drawframe drawframe Figure 2 79% of binge drinkers ar members of the hands (Drug-Free Workplace) drawframe drawframe Drug and/or Alcohol Use Seriously Threatens Organizations drawframe Excessive absenteeism, which holds a significantly division of occurrences of medicine users as cited above, costs an organization lower productivity, damaged moral and consequently lower product quality. The US Dept of Labor reports that annually, 500 million turn over days be lost solely referable to alcoholism.In addition to absenteeism lowering moral, workplace theft is an experienced and related problem. Approximately 18% of cocaine users steal at work, from either the employer or their co-workers (Facts for Employers). classs Focus on scrutiny to Reduce or Eliminate These Problems Reasons For and Methods of Drug Testing in the Workplace classifiable medicate strains detect the presence of several drugs in the body. Although tests can be sp ecifically designed, the most typical tests are designed to detect alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamines, morphine, opiates and PCP (Gottlieb).In addition to the above list of common drugs, tests can be designed to detect the use of prescription medications often usedfor recreational use. In many cases, such(prenominal) as the MUST Program, the consequences of commanding test results often result in immediate suspension or permanent discharge (Policy XXXX, Interview). Opposition to Drug Testing Conclusion Although not a position embraced by the American Civil Liberties Union and new(prenominal) various opponents, the use of drugs and alcohol in the work place has been inform to be rampant and dangerous.It is a multi-billion dollar problem to all organizations, of all sized and within all industries. The concerns associated with workplace drug use are financial, physical and safety issues. Summary Since the 1970s, drug use in the workplace has become not only common, but rampant. The annual financial impact to the agate line world associated with this problematic use has beencalculated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. The fiscal consequences of this behavior dramatically reduce the bottom line profit of any affected organization. high than average insurance rates are commonplace to organizations encountering this issue, which reduces the profits for all shareholders. Certain industries are more susceptible to drug use than former(a)s. They are to a fault the industries that realize higher safety issues and encounter more dangerous workplace conditions. Construction and manufacturing are twain industries affected more than most. The Department of Labor, citing examples of dramatic results, reported that due to the implementation of comprehensive prevention programs, many companies had a turn-around in incidents and related costs.They used examples of companies ranging in size of a small local quantify company in W ashington DC to the large international group, CSX Transportation Corporation. The companies were reported to generate all benefited in many ways, from drastically reduced exacting test results to reduced insurance costs or ancillary problems that are inevitable with these problems. It is further suggested that drug use in the workplace can be prevented (elaws). Preventing these costly behaviors would only increase overall safety in the workplace and result in overall higher profits for the shareholders.Although deemed by opponents to be an overpriced course of action, especially to smaller organizations with limited resources, employee drug exam is commonly believed to be quite effective at combating workplace drug use, thereby promoting a potencely safer worksite and a higher profit for the organization. The cost of the prevention is well worth the effort. Recommendations concomitant A Primary Research Interview XXXX, Vice prexy of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX _Do you feel the use of dr ugs and/or alcohol are common in your intentness? Absolutely. We earn a high ratio of young workers, from their mid-twenties to mid-forties, who typically are drawn to this field. These are computed tomographys who you might find at the end of a bar any given night, or might be a once occasional drug user who went bad. What is the financial impact to this persistence-wide problem? Most of all, we are saddled with high insurance rates, specifically liability and Workers fee rates. There is a formula for determining rates, and those rates are based on experience modifiers, among other things.Guys who use at work in our industry are an accident waiting to happen. You cant be safe on a construction site while you are intoxicated or high. Is the problem rampant in your company? We are pretty lucky. We havent had much of a problem in our company. Most of the men we have with us are family men, more concerned with going home after work and spending time with their families. They may e njoy a beer or two from time to time, but are not the kind of group who gets their paycheck and disappears for a few days. Being in this vulnerable industry, how do you combat the potential employee use of drugs and/or alcohol in your workplace? _ Like I said, we have a good group of guys working for us. But we hire smart. We screen our guys through a drug test and extensive referrals. A masses of our workforce recommends their family or friends to us as well. Are you contractually obligated to drug test? In some cases, yes. Several of the big General Contractors in the area, such as Turner, ONeal, they all have a section in their standard contract requiring a written safety and drug-free program.Also, being union, we are all required to tet once a year, even management. What are your procedures for drug testing? We prescreen test, and random test throughout the year. Annual physicals and accident testing isnt uncommon. We send the guys to Kroll, through the MUST program. What do y ou test for? The typical, marijuana, cocaine, meth, etc. We get int typically test for alcohol unless there is a problem and we need to protect ourselves. How do your employees feel about this policy? What are the consequences of positive test results?We have the right to terminate immediately. Unfortunately, we have exercised that right in the past. Usually, though, if we send a guy to the clinic for an unannounced test, and he knows he is dirty, we usually take overt see him again. But once again, the majority of our guys have been with us for a while, and we know them well, so it hasnt been too much of a problem. Appendix B Primary Research Interview _Do you feel the use of drugs and/or alcohol are common in your industry? _ Unfortunately yes. Construction has evermore had this problem. What are the specific concerns associated with this problem? _ Most importantly are the safety concerns. Someone using drugs could potentially cause the loss of life of him or other guys aroun d him. We deal with a lot of equipment that can be hazardous under the best of conditions, and we need to have our faculties around us. Are there other costs or consequences that are a concern? There sure are. High Workers Comp rates, high liability rates, high cost of equipment that could be damaged due to miss-use, these are just some of the costs.That is why we have such a comprehensive drug policy. Does having a drug-free workforce help you in the industry? Sure. We are known as a safety conscience company, and our EMR rating proves it. Plus, some of the places where we do work wont let us onsite without one. ram City Casino, General Motors, Henry Ford Healthcare Systems, they all require written drug-free policies in our safety manual. Are the costs incurred due to your drug testing policy fiscally efficient? Yes, very much so.To send a guy in for a test is a heck of a lot cheaper than dealing with injuries or lawsuits. How do your employees feel about this policy? The ones wh o dont like it are the ones who dont last too long. What are the consequences of a positive test result? We have been pretty lucky in that regard. We havent had too much of a problem. But I will say, if a guy shows up on a jobsite high or drunk, the foreman or the other laborers will toss him out. One guy we sent to the clinic for a random test seemed nervous about it.He left the jobsite but never went to the clinic. He just quit and never came back. He was only with us for a few months by that time, and we were glad he never returned. Appendix C Primary Research Interview Ms. Wendy Richardson, MUST Program Administrator How long has the MUST Program been around? Since 1988. We were the first in the XXXX Area. What is your most important focus? Primarily workplace safety, with drug-free workplace policies. _What is your _circle of industries? We have several unions and trade associations in our membership.We also have a lot of Owners such as Ford, GM, Chrysler, DTE, Servistall, all the hospitals in the area, DPS and the Airport (NW Terminal) Would you say the drug testing portion of the programs works? Yes, certainly. We had about 6% of the drug tests come back positive 6 years ago, and now we are seeing less than 2. 5% Are certain drugs more common than others? Although I am not privy to the test results, the typical positive tests are mostly positive crosswise the board. Sometimes it is higher for one drug than another. Cocaine and marijuana are pretty popular, unfortunately. Appendix D The United States ConstitutionThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Appendix E Executive Order 12564 of September 15, 1986 Drug-Free Workplace Attached Works Cited XXXX, XXXX Personal Interview 4/1/09 Drug Testing A Bad Investment. American Civil Liberties Union. 4/8/09 http//www. aclu. org/drugpolicy/testing/10842res20021021. html. Drug Testing in the Workplace. ACLU. 3/17/09 http//www. lectlaw. com/files/emp02. htm. elaws Drug-Free Workplace Advisor. US Department of Labor. 4/11/09 http//www. dol. gov/elaws/asp/drugfree/benefits. htm. Gottlieb, Mark. Drug Testing An Industry Standard. MSG Accountants, Consultants & product line Valuators. 3/17/09 http//www. msgcpa. com/general. php? category=Industry+Library&headline=Drug+Testing. How Drug Testing Works. Prevention Not Punishment. 3/16/09 http//www. preventionnotpunishment. org/howsdt. html. Menzo, XXXX PersonalInterview 4/13/09 Richardson, Wendy Telephone Interview, 4/14/09

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 18

Chapter 18YOUR PUNY WORM GOD WEAPONS ARE USELESS AGAINST MY SUPERIOR CHRISTMAS KUNG FUMolly slipped knocked out(p) the back door of the confine and round the outside wall until she could see the tall figure rest ahead her picture window. The fallen wires had stopped s pose out by the street and the stars and moon merely trend through the darkness at all. Str angely enough, she could slide byly see the man by her breast window because there was a faint glistering shining slightly him.Radioactive, Molly thought. He wore the long black duster favored by common sense pirates. Why, though, would a desert marauder be out in a rainstorm?She assumed the Hasso No Kamae stance, back straight, the sword held high and tilted back over her right shoulder, the sword guard at oral cavity level, her left foot forward. She was three steps from lay outing a deathblow to the intruder. The sword balanced perfectly in her grip, so perfectly that it seemed to weigh nothing at all. She could feel the wet waste removeles under her b are feet and wished that shed put on shoes before dashing out into the darkness. The cold rain against her bare jumble made her think that maybe a sweater would have been a good idea as well.The glow man looked toward the opposite corner of the cabin and Molly made her move. Three soft steps and she stood fuck him the edge of her blade lay crosswise the side of his neck. A quick pull and she would cut him to his vertebrae.Move and die, Molly utter.Nuh-uh, utter the glowing man.The tip of Mollys sword broaden a foot beyond the strangers face. He looked at the blade. I like your sword. pauperism to see mine?You move, you die, Molly tell, thinking that it wasnt the sort of thing you should have to repeat. Who are you?Im Raziel, said Raziel. Its not the sword of the Lord, or anything. Not for destroying cities, near for fighting maven or two enemies at a time, or slicing cold cuts. Do you like salami?Molly didnt quite pick out how to proceed. This glowing sand pirate seemed perfectly unafraid, perfectly unconcerned, in fact, that she was holding a razor-sharp blade against his carotid artery. Why are you face in my window in the middle of the night?Because I cant see through the wooden part.Molly snapped her wrists back and smacked Raziel in the side of the head with the flat of her blade.Ouch.Who are you and why are you here? Molly said. She snapped her blade back to threa ten dollar bill an other smack, and in that instant Raziel stepped a right smart from her, spun, and drew a sword from the middle of his back.Molly hesitated, just a second, then approached and snapped her blade down, this time in a real attack aimed at his shoulder. Raziel parried the blow and riposted. Molly swept his blade aside and came around with her blade for a cut to the left arm. Raziel got his sword around just in time to deflect her blade down his arm instead of across it. The razor-sharp tashi took a long swath of fabric fro m his coat, as well as a thin slice of flesh down his forearm.Hey, he said, looking at his now-flapping sleeve.There was no blood. Just a dark stripe where the flesh was gone. He started hacking, his sword describing an infinity pattern in the air before him as he drove Molly back through the pine timbre toward the road. She quickstepped back, parrying some blows, dodging others, stepping around trees, kicking up wet pine straw as she moved. She could wholly see her glowing attacker, his sword shining now as well, the darkness around her so complete that she moved solely by memory and feel. As she deflected one of the blows, her heel caught on a root and she lost her balance. She started to go over backward and spun as if to catch herself. Raziels nervous impulse carried him forward, his sword swinging for a tar repay that a second before had been two feet higher, and he ran right onto Mollys blade. She was bent over forward the blade extended back across her rib cage and through Raziel, extending another two feet out his back. They were frozen there for a moment him bent over her back, stuck unneurotic with her sword like two dogs who needed a bucket of water thrown on them.From a crouch, Molly yanked the blade out, then spun, ready to deliver a coup de grace that would cut her enemy from collarbone to hip.Ouch, said Raziel, looking at the hole in his solar plexus. He threw his sword on the ground and prodded the wound with his fingers. Ouch, he said again, looking up at Molly. You dont thrust with that kind of sword. Youre not supposed to thrust with that kind of sword. No fair.Youre supposed to die now, Molly said.Nuh-uh, said Raziel.You cant say nuh-uh to death. Thats sloppy debating.You poked me with your sword, and cut my coat. He held up his damaged arm.Well, you came creeping around here in the middle of the night looking in my windows, and you pulled a sword on me.I was just showing it to you. I dont even like it. I essential to get net s lingers for my next mission.Mission? What mission? Did Nigoth send you? He is no longer my higher power, by the way. This is not the kind of support I need.Fear not, said Raziel, for I am a messenger of the Lord, pass off to bring a miracle for the Nativity.Youre what?Fear notIm not afraid, you nitwit, I just kicked your ass. Are you telling me youre an angel?Come to bring Christmas joy to the child.Youre a Christmas angel?I bring tidings of great joy, which shall be to all men. Well, not really. This time its just to one boy, but I memorized that speech, so I like to use it.Molly let her guard down, the tip of her sword pointed at the ground now. So the glowing stuff on you?Glory of the Lord, said the angel.Oh piss, said Molly. She slapped herself in the forehead. And I killed you.Nuh-uh.Dont start with the nuh-uh again. Should I call an ambulance or a priest or something?Im healing. He held up his forearm and Molly watched as the faintly glowing skin expanded to cover the wound.W hy in the hell are you here?I have a mission Not here on Earth, here at my house.Were attracted to lunatics.Mollys first instinct was to take his head, but on second thought, she was standing in the middle of a pine forest, in freezing rain and gale-force winds, naked, holding a sword, and talking to an angel, so he wasnt exactly announcing the Advent. She was a lunatic.You want to come inside? she said.Do you have hot chocolate?With minimarshmallows, said the Warrior Babe.Blessed are the minimarshmallows, the angel said, swooning a little.Come on, then, Molly said as she walked away muttering, I cant believe I killed a Christmas angel.Yep, you screwed the pooch on this one, said the Narrator.Nuh-uh, said the angel.Get that piano against the door Theo yelled.The bolts on the front door had completely splintered away, and the Masonite buffet table was flexing under the blows of whatever the undead were using for a battering ram. The entire chapel shook with each impact.Robert and J enny Masterson, who owned Brines Bait, Tackle, and Fine Wines, started rolling the upright piano from its spot by the Christmas tree. Both had been through some harrowing moments in Pine Coves history, and they tended to keep their heads in an collar.Anyone know how to lock these casters? Robert called.Well need to brace it just the same, Theo said. He turned to Ben Miller and Nacho Nunez, who seemed to have teamed up for the battle. You guys look for more heavy stuff to brace the door.Where did they get a battering ram? Tucker fictitious character asked. He was examining the big rubber coasters on the piano, trying to figure out how to lock them.Half the forest has blown down tonight, said Lena. Monterey pines dont have a taproot. They probably just found one that they could lift. Turn it on its back, Tuck said. Brace it against the table.The ram give the doors and they popped open six inches. The table hooked under the heavy brass handles was bending and beginning to split. Th ree arms came through the opening, half a face, the snapper drooling out of a rotted socket.Push Tuck screamed.They ran the piano up against the braced table, slamming the doors on the protruding limbs. The battering ram hit again, popping the doors open, driving the men back, and rattling their teeth. The undead arms pulled back from the gap. Tuck and Robert shoved the piano against the door and it shut again. Jenny Masterson threw her back against the piano and looked back at the onlookers, twenty or so people who seemed too stunned or too scared to move.Dont just stand there, you useless fucks Help us brace this. If they get in, theyre handout to eat your brains, too.Five men pointed flashlights at each other in a Me? You? Us? inspection, then shrugged and ran to help push the piano.Nice pep talk, said Tuck, his sneakers squeaking on the pine floor as he pushed.Thanks, Im good with the public, Jenny said. Waitress for twenty years.Oh yeah, you waited on us at H.P.s. Lena, its our waitress from the other night.Nice to see you again, Jenny, said Lena, just as the battering ram hit the door again, knocking her to the floor. I havent seen you at yoga classClear the way, clear the way, clear the way called Theo. He and Nacho Nuez were coming across the floor from the back room carrying an eight-foot-long oak pew. Behind them, Ben Miller was wrestling a pew across the floor by himself. Several of the men who were holding the barricade broke ranks to help him.Cantilever these against the piano and nail them to the floor, Theo said.The heavy benches went up on a diagonal against the back of the piano and Nacho Nuez toenailed them to the floor.The benches flexed a little with each blow of the battering ram, but they held fast. After a few seconds, the pounding stopped. Again, there was only the noise of the wind and the rain. Everyone played flashlights around the room, waiting for whatever would come next.Then they heard Dale Pearsons voice at the side of the ch apel. This way. Bring it this way.Back door, psyche shouted. Theyre carrying it around to the back door.More pews, Theo yelled. Nail them up in the back. Hurry, that doors not as heavy as the front, it wont take two hits like that.Cant they just come through one of the walls? asked Val Riordan, who was trying to join in the effort to hold the line, despite the handicap of her five-hundred-dollar shoes.Im hoping that wont occur to them, Theo said.Supervising the undead was worse than dealing with a face crew full of drunks and cokeheads. At least his vivacious crews had all of their limbs and most of their physical coordination. This bunch was pretty floppy. Twenty of the undead were hefting a broken pine-tree trunk a foot thick and as long as a car.Move the goddamn tree, Dale growled. What am I paying you for?Is he paying us? asked Marty in the Morning, who was hefting at midtree, on a jagged, broken branch. Are we getting paid?I cant believe you ate all the brains, Warren Talbot , the dead painter, said. That was supposed to be for everyone.Would you shut the fuck up and get the tree around to the back door, Dale yelled, waving his snub-nose revolver.The gunpowder gave them a nice peppery flavor, Marty said.Dont rub it in, said Bess Leander. Im so hungry.There will be enough for everyone once we get inside, said Arthur Tannbeau, the citrus farmer.Dale could tell this wasnt going to work. They were too feeble, they couldnt get enough strength behind the battering ram. The living would be barricading the back door even now.He pulled some of the more decayed undead off the tree and pushed in those who seemed to have often of their normal strength, but they were trying to run up a narrow set of stairs carrying a thousand-pound tree trunk. Even a crew of healthy, living people wouldnt be able to get purchase in this mud. The tree trunk hit the door with an anemic thud. The door flexed just enough to discontinue that the living had reinforced it.Forget it. Forg et it, said Dale. There are other ways we can get to them. Fan out in the parking lot and start looking for keys in the ignition of peoples cars.Drive-thru snackage? said Marty in the Morning. I like it.Something like that, Dale said. Kid, you with the wax face. Youre a motorhead, can you hot-wire a car?Not with only one arm, Jimmy Antalvo slurred. That dog took my arm.It stopped, Lena said. She was checking Tucks wounds. Blood was seeping through the bandages on his ribs.Theo turned away from the pilot and looked around the room. The emergency lighting was starting to dim already and his flashlight was panning them like he was looking for suspects. No one left their keys in their car, did they?There were murmurs of denial and heads shaking.Val Riordan had a perfectly painted eyebrow raised at him. There was a question there, even if it was unspoken.Because thats what Id do, Theo said. Id get a car up to speed and calve it right through the wall.That would be bad, said Gabe.That pa rking lot had two inches of water and mud the last time I saw it, Tucker Case said. Not every car is going to get up to speed in that.Look, we need to get some help, Theo said. Someone has to go for help.They wont get ten feet, Tuck said. As soon as you open a door or break a window, theyll be waiting.What about the roof? said twit Barker.Shut up, kid, Tuck said. Theres no way up to the roof.Are we going to cut off his head now? said Josh.You have to sever the spinal anesthesia column or they just keep coming.Look, Theo said, playing his flashlight across the center of the ceiling. There was a trapdoor up there, painted over and latched, but it was by all odds there.It leads to the old bell tower, Gabe Fenton said. No bell, but it does open onto the roof.Theo nodded. From the roof someone could tell where they all were before making his move.That hatch is thirty feet up. Theres no way to get to it.Suddenly the high chirp of a barking bat came from above them. A half-dozen flashli ghts swung around to spotlight Roberto, who was hanging upside down from the star atop the Christmas tree.Mollys tree, said Lena.It looks sturdy enough, said Gabe Fenton.Ill go, said Ben Miller. Im still in pretty good shape. If I have to discombobulate a run for it, I can. amend there, that proves it, said Tuck, an aside to Lena. No guy with tiny balls would volunteer for that. See how the dead lie.Im driving an old Tercel, Ben said. I dont think you want me trying to make a run for help in that.What we need is a Hummer, said Gabe.Yeah, or even a friendly hand job, said Tuck. But thats later. For now, we need a four-wheel drive.You really want to try this? Theo asked Ben.The athlete nodded. Ive got the best chance of getting out. Those I cant outrun Ill just go through.Okay, then, said Theo. Lets get that tree over to the middle of the room.Not so fast, said Tuck, patting his bandages. I dont care how fast Micro-nads is, Santa still has two bullets in his gun.

Methods and Techniques Required to Produce Mayonnaise

Making mayo Abtract A combination of vegetable oil, water, egg yolk, and stabilizers was combined in an effort to produce mayonnaise. The final emulsion was a result of a trial and error process to perfect the timing and order of the addition of ingredients. The effect was only attempted once. It was concluded that adding the oil slowly to the egg yolk and adding the stabilizers at the end would produce a mayonnaise similar to manufactured mayonnaise. trigger The purpose of this experiment is to determine the methods and techniques equired to produce mayonnaise.Mayonnaise is an emulsion, which means that it is a stable combination of two liquids that are immiscible. They key to this concept is that the combination must be stable. Water and oil, for example, do not combine to form an emulsion because of hydrogen bonds that form between each other in water molecules. These bonds prevent oil molecules from getting in. In order to create an emulsion, an emulsifier must be added to th e combination. An emulsifier is a compound that stabilizes emulsions.These emulsifiers, which are also often added to soap, have long chains of coulomb and hydrogen atoms with a hydrophilic (water loving) and aquaphobic (water fearing) ends. This allows them to form a stable bridge between the hydrophilic water and the hydrophobic oil. Lecithin, a phospholipid with a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails found in egg yolks, is one example of how emulsifiers can take shape. This is relevant to the production of mayonnaise because mayonnaise is an emulsion legally defined as including 65% il and egg yolk.The emulsifying agent in mayonnaise is the egg yolk, which is an emulsion of its own with 48% water, 16% proteins, 10% lecithin and 13% fats and cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and various other proteins can be found in the yolk. HDL particles require an extra boost to rectify their ability to act as an emulsifier because their parti cles are too large to coat the oil droplets without being separated from another.

International Economics of Thailand Essay

The agricultural of Thai bring is located in the s prohibitedheast Asia region, south of main demean China and immediately bordering Burma to the west, Laos to the East and Cambodia to the south. Around 65 cardinal people inhabit Thailand with the bully and its swel guidest city beingness Bangkok the national currency is the baht. After a series of political and military turmoil thrashed the boorish in the mid 2000s, December of 2007 earmarked the reinstatement of a democratic g everyplacenment as well as the comprehension of full democratic elections. The semiofficial language is Thai and has remained that since the countrys early beginnings. Buddhism encompasses or so the Thailands population in terms of religion, nearly 95%, with all belonging to the Theravada denomination. On a globose scale Thailand is quite a large country for how small it is geographically it ranks 50th as far-off as total ara, and is the 20th c supportly populous in the world.Thailand is abundan t in both land and labor portions of production. The land measures roughly 510,890 sq km and is full of natural resources such as tin, rubber, natural gas, timber, lead, fish, and much metals. The large amount of agricultural production lead to a GDP of $539.3 billion in 2009. The 2009 designetary house consumption expenditure was 2.05% even though the real GDP growth rate was -2.2%2. The final f travelor of production for Thailand, labor, is a nonher one of their most abundant resources. In 2009, the labor force was comprised of 38.43 jillion people. They were shargond between 42.4% working in agriculture, 19.7% in industry, and 37.9% in services3. This is consistent with the large amount of arable land throughout the country.With much production occurring in the agricultural sector, is makes sense that Thailand exports agricultural commodities. The country also exports machinery and electronic components, and jewelry. The machinery and electronic parts be a major export be cause of the size of the labor force.Jewelry exports argon large due to the amount of natural metals and jewels found in the land. The exports drive the parsimoniousness and account for more than half of GDP. In 2009, exports tota direct $150.7 billion. The major issueers are the unite States at 10.94%, China at 10.58%, lacquer with 10.32%, Hong Kong with 6.22%, and Australia importing 5.62%3.The global financial crisis of 2008-2009 severely hurt Thailands exports with most industries dropping a large percent. Imports were also affected the financial crises. in 2009, they totaled $118 billion. Most imports were in capital goods, intermediate goods, and unsanded materials. This is because of the lack of capital factors of production and the large labor force. Thailand imports from lacquer (18.7%), China (12.73%), Malaysia (6.41%), United States (6.31%), and UAE (4.98%)3. picIt fronts to be that the groups benefiting most from trade are the farmers and factory workers. The far mers subscribe the largest labor force and therefore the highest amount of exports in the country. The factory workers are also benefiting from the import of cheap intermediate goods and stinging materials from China and Malaysia. They then use the copiousness of labor to produce machinery for export. In 2009, Thailand had a trade surplus of roughly $32.7 billion.Long before the slackening of Thailands miserliness and its move to become an export-promoting economy in the mid 1980s, Thai governments have prosecute Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and economic cooperation with fellow countries in the Eastern Hemisphere and of course, the USA.In 1967, Thailand help give rise the Association for South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). ASEAN was founded to promote nation building, tackle communism and increment economic cooperation. This act has served as the foundation for establishing future FTAs. Continuous dialog and a desire for economic growth led to the eventual signing of the ASEAN Free-Trade Agreement (AFTA). This paved the way for the elimination of tariffs for goods with 40% of its free on-board value having topical anaesthetic anesthetic input from ASEAN member countries (asean).Followe the success of AFTA and its role in facilitating localmanufacturing industries, ASEAN countries sought to expand these FTAs. This has led to signed FTAs between ASEAN and China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. In addition, Thai and US authorities have been working on an inconclusive US-Thailand FTA since 2004. These agreements have grown Thailands export markets and such access to large growing economies has allowed Thailand to quickly return to growth following the 2008 world(prenominal) Recession.Unfortunately, with all the free-trade agreements, Thailand continues to have multiple barriers to foundation for most foreign entrants and even some interior(prenominal) ones. They are primarily in the service and move sectors as well as sectors with significant local production. These overwhelm tariffs, quantitative barriers, customs barriers and taxation. Few of the most affected industries are finance, law, telecommunications, air and maritime carry, woodland, textiles, transport equipment and victor services.In the finance industry, foreign investors are allowed a particular equity enthronement of up to 49% of the company. Any investment that amounts to greater than that is treated on a case-by-case basis by the government. In addition, foreign banks have limitations on their change capabilities and the expansion of branches. Telecommunications also limits foreign investment and in addition to this, the government allocates frequency spectrum that have resulted in two telecommunications companies dominating the industry (Dee, 2004) (US Embassy, Bangkok, 2009).On the early(a) hand, foreigners may own Law firms in Thailand, except only Thai-citizens may provide legal services. At-best, in certain cases, foreign citi zens can serve in a throttle capacity as a consultant. such(prenominal) a nationality requirement extends to other nonrecreational services such as accountants and physicians as well where Thai-citizens have a higher priorit and only non-citizens that are a resident of Thailand and fluent in Thai are eligible.Industries such as wood and wood products (12.5% tariff), transport equipment (31% tariff) and textiles (25% tariff) continue to have import tariffs and licenses to encourage local production and ensure it is nonharmed. wholly of these tariffs are between 2 and 4 times the global average (Dee, 2004). Such tariffs are super acid practice all over the world to protect local businesses.In addition to these tariffs, Thailands barriers include several indirect methods that have a less tangible impact. Thailands complicated tax body is one such example. When one adds up the import tariff, excise duties and other sales tax on imported alcohol, the price is 400% higher. To comple ment these barriers, Thailands government adapted a Buy Thai policy, much to the resentment of foreign investors. In addition, the Customs department reserves the right to arbitrarily increase the import value of goods (US Embassy, Bangkok, 2009).Lastly, the lack of enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights and Patent laws cost US companies $400 million in 2007 (US Embassy, Bangkok, 2009). Pharma companies and Hollywood have had the most direct impact due to copyright infringements, retard patents and its non-enforcement. Such haphazard barriers by the Thai government can dissuade potential investors.These barriers have a multi-purpose aim. Some tariffs are meant to be revenue generating tariffs, while others cost escalating. These cost-escalating tariffs stand to protect a local industry such as textile manufacturing, wood and timber logging. Barriers in the maritime and air transport have large capital requirements to enter it as well as a vested government come to in the form of state-owned airlines, airports and ports.Other barriers related to haphazard law enforcement and the buy Thai policy and seem less so economic barriers and more so politically motivated ones. A reversal in such barriers would allow air-passenger transport, maritime transport and communications to benefit the most and enable the finance, law and professional services industry to shore up its presence in Thailand while continuing to expand trade, mercantile constitution and therefore economic growth in the country.Simultaneously, the government aimed to stimulate domestic and foreign private investment over the coming decade by adapting Export Promotion (EP)policies that decreased import tariffs, eliminated export tariffs and open up the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI). While initial investments were aimed at domestic-market production, this quickly moved to export-oriented production that was not limited by the size of the domestic market. This led to Foreign Direct Inve stment (FDI) ballooning from $40 million in 1970-1974 to $19 billion in 2006 (Kohpaiboon). Countries such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan had successfully adapted to export promotion policies while even more countries saw the negative effects of import substitution policies (South America). These polar effects point out the benefits of a trade-centered co-ordinated economy.An exponential increase in FDI requires a stable banking system that is globally integrated. Unlike its Asian peers, almost half of Thailands 37 banks are foreign banks such as HSBC, Citibank and Standard Chartered. This has resulted in a strong banking system with assets worthy 200% of GDP (Datamonitor, 2010). Other developing countries continue struggle with a government dominated banking system and low population penetration.Sustained growth in FDI has had spillover effects on Thailands human capital development and R&D projects to further aid economic growth. The BOI, since 2006 has been activel y promoting R&D investments, firing projects from companies such as Toyota, Honda and Siam Cement. In addition to this, the government has allocated $3 billion in the abutting 5-year plan for R&D projects with institutes such as Asian Institute of Technology taking lead (Datamonitor, 2010). Such spending has allowed domestic companies to adapt current technologies used world over while evolving new ones. This is a drastic change from the mid-1980s in Thailand when oxes and manual labor characterized agriculture and industry alike.In order for the results of R&D projects to be useful and then successful, an educated workforce is necessary. Starting in 1960, Thailand expanded its schoolhouse system and made schooling mandatory for the first 7 old age (Ministry of Education, 1998). A full multiplication later, the basic impact is visible. By 2006, Thailand boasted a 92% literacy rate, comparable in the region (Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Malaysia boast 90%+literacy grade) and allocates 27% of its national budget to education (Malaysia allocated 20%) (UNDP, 2009). One current timidity is that 80% of the current workforce has had only primary education. However, the long-term impact of education should change this statistic over the coming decade and encourage further labor efficiencies.Unfortunately, a primary educated workforce is not Thailands main constraint to growth. In the years following a decade of high-paced growth, the Asian pecuniary Crisis, consequent political upheavals, natural disasters, get downion and such threatened to derail the Thai story of growth.In spite of all this growth, the high short-term external debt of its government nearly bankrupted Thailand, caused the stock exchange to lose 75% of its market value and devalued the then-pegged Baht by over 50%. The Thai economy came to a halt with layoffs across industries, depressed asset prices and a 12% cumulative drop in output for 1997-1998. This led to an inevitable $ 40 billion IMF-led rescue package for the most affected Asian economies (Hunter, Kaufman, & Krueger, 1999). The package allowed Thailands economy to stay solvent and resume growth only in 1999.The Asian Financial Crisis marked a start in Thailands sporadic political upheavals. This culminated in 2006 when efflorescence Minister Thaksin was removed from office in a bloodless coup while he care the UN General Assembly in front of the worlds eyes. The 4 years since has seen scores of human race demonstrations, 3 Prime Ministers and a riot culminating in the summer 2010 stand-off between the armed forces and pro-Thaksin demonstrators in of import Bangkok. Meanwhile, neighboring countries such as Philippines, Vietnam and even Indonesia have moved toward political stability with their leaders transitioning their country into a period of economic growth (Marshall, 2010). These upheavals are a source of concern to international and domestic businesses and have a negative ripple effect th rough the economy.In fact, Thaksin is not the only corrupt politician to grace Thailand. Corruption plagues many institutions and bureaucracys there. Transparency international ranked Thailand 84th out of 178 countries on the GlobalCorruption Index with China falling ahead in 78th position and India dear behind in 87th place. Like most sizable developing countries, corruption is rampant in Thailand and other high-profile cases include the governor of Bangkok, Mr. Apirak.In 2009, the Thai government reported that the most number of corruption complaints at heart government agencies were filed against the Customs Department (Datamonitor, 2010). Taking cue from Singapore, Thailand must be more pro-active in bring down this rampant corruption in order to focus on economic and social development. Singapore along with New Zealand and Denmark topped the least for least corrupt countries (Zee News, 2010).Another growth constraint is natural disasters. In 2004, an earthquake followed by a tsunami caused widespread havoc and destruction. While Thailands direct impact was start out than Indonesia, with over 5,000 lives lost, 30,000 fishing boats and 120,000 tourism jobs lost, its effects cannot be ignored. Such continued disasters can hamper come on and instead undo years of economic development. Countries ranging from Indonesia to Seychelles were affected by this (United Nations, 2005).As the 1997 Financial Crisis demonstrated, Thailand is very integrated into the worlds economy. in that locationfore, with the arrival of the Great Recession in 2008, demand for its export-oriented production began to fall. Thailands dependence on exports put the country into a yearlong recession that it is now out of. In fact, Thailand is evaluate to grow at 4% this year. This quick convalescence has been due to the deliberate public spending undertaken by the government. With the government undertaking a 5-year plan to boost infrastructure spending and reduce poverty, Thailand s hould see carry on growth over the coming years.As Thailand emerges from the Great Recession of 2008, there are several facilitative pointers Thailand has taken from its experiences since the Asian Financial Crisis. The Thai government has learned of the benefits of a balanced budget, they successfully trim back government debt between 2002 and 2008, repaid IMF loans (2 years early) and regained growth. While corruption continues to exist, Thailand has an increasingly tougher National CounterCorruption equip and current Prime Minister Abhisit has proposed a Reconciliation Plan to create a more transparent, faint government. The tsunami has resulted in the implementation of an emergency alert system thereby preventing future calamities, social and economic losses.With a majority of new growth coming from Asia, Thailand is optimally situated as an export economy in the region. Strong historical ties to the US forget ensure economic cooperation as the US economic recovery progres ses. Continued spending on education will result in an efficient, productive labor-force allowing Thailand to grow from only when an international finance center to an advanced technology driven, export oriented economy in the years to come.Economic policy outlookThe government is pushing ahead with a major fiscal stimulation program worth Bt1.4trn (US$43bn), which is to run until 2012. However, the fiscal position is weak, and the government could struggle to finance the program in full without risking future financial stability. This second-stage stimulus program, known as Thai Khem Khaeng (Strong Thailand), centers on infrastructure projects as well as investment in agriculture, education and health. Owing to the fact that the government has only limited fiscal freedom (constitutional restrictions cap the budget shortfall in any year at 20% of total expenditure), the majority of the programs spending is off-budget and is financed through increased borrowing.The government actua lly plans to reduce budgetary spending in fiscal year 2009/10 (October-September) in an attempt to contain the fiscal deficit, which ballooned in 2008/09 owing to a first-stage stimulus program that included cash grants and subsidies. The government is proposing another expansionary budget in 2010/11. As the economy begins to recover in 2010, the Bank of Thailand (BOT, the central bank) will begin to raise interest rates to contain inflation.As for the fiscal policy, the government will run a substantial budget deficit in 2010-11, but it should be narrower than in 2009, when it reached the equivalent of 4.4% of GDP. After reducing planned expenditure in 2009/10by Bt200bn (US$5.8bn), the government proposes to increase it by about Bt400bn in 2010/11. It is also stimulating the economy with the Thai Khem Khaeng program of off-budget expenditure. Whether or not the program succeeds in stimulating growth, hinges mostly on its implementation. There is a risk that some funds will be lost to corruption or will be wasted, as was highlighted by a recent admission by the Comptrollergenerals Department that funding for projects previously rejected by the BudgetBureau had been approved owing to the governments determination to move with economic stimulus. Assuming that the government receives full parliamentary approval to borrow another Bt400bn in the next three years, public debt could rise sharply relative to GDP in 2010-11. However, the finance minister, Korn Chatikavanij, recently verbalise that as revenue growth so far in 2009/10 had exceeded expectations, the government might not need to borrow as much as it had originally planned.The BOT will begin to tighten fiscal policy in second half of 2010 as the economy starts to recover and core inflation (which excludes raw foods and energy) accelerates. However, the central bank will not raise interest rates sharply, as there are still major risks to the recovery, and core inflation, which stood at 0.5% in January-Fe bruary, remains at the low end of the official target range of 0.5-3%. The BOT has also expressed concern that prematurely raising the one-day repurchase ratewhich stands at 1.25%, having been lowered by 250 basis points between December 2008 and April 2009could lead to inflows of foreign capital, pushing up asset prices to unsustainable levels and causing the baht to strengthen further.Works CitedCIA. (2010). Thailand. 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