Tess of the D’Urbevilles – Hardys View on Industrialisation

Explore Hardy’s attitude towards industrialisation in phase the fourth. Industrialisation became a growing presence amongst the Victorian Era and had an elusive yet undeniable impact on the population. Within the novel Tess Of The d’Urbervilles and in particular phase the fourth, Industrialisation is heavily focused on and explored. However Hardy establishes a balanced and ambivalent viewpoint towards the implications and presence of Industry as there is evidence to suggest both positive and negative aspects to its advancement.This therefore demonstrates that Hardy, especially through his effective use of binary oppositions offers a complex view which evokes a variety of Interpretations. To successfully convey clear comparisons between industrial interventions and rural aspects of pastoral life, Hardy uses binary oppositions to effectively highlight these contrasts. For example, parallel distinctions between light and shade / symbolic colours (Industry vs. Country) are made apparent in chapter xxx.This is shown when a ‘feeble light was beginning to assert its presence’ used to describe the train and this is in contrast to the ‘expanse of shade’ which represents the countryside. The connotations of ‘light’ against what essentially is darkness may that the train of which modern life represents offers optimism, hope and a prosperous future compared to the harsh standstill that is rural life. However this can also be successfully challenged with the argument that the light is superficial and not real which can justify its feebleness, and offer a rather negative and weak view of industrialisation.Another interpretation to this comparison may be that the fact the light of the train ‘asserts’ itself suggests that industrialisation is imposing itself on rural life and the environment in quite a forceful yet inevitable manner. To further support this, the ‘fitful white streak of steam’ which asserted itself on the ‘dark green background’ can be effectively seen as symbolic of the demising taint of which industry inflicts on the rural landscape.Furthermore this conjunction/fusion of industry on the country side again highlights the obvious visible contrast and proposed artificial lights/ colours against the natural and pure landscape. This proposes that Hardy presents quite a negative and tarnishing view of industrialisation and its impact on the countryside. However the negative perception of Industry is counter argued with the inclusion of the celestial and terrestrial comparisons, for example ‘’terrestrial star yet in more importance†¦ to mankind than the celestial ones’.This is of high significance because it directly addresses the view that although nature a creation by god, which is represented by the natural celestial star is grand and majestic, however it is not always useful especially when in contrast to an evolving modern (manmade) industrial world. This can be therefore effectively be argued that this balance hardy creates between the presentations of Industry is way of suggesting that the fusion between nature and industry is symbiotic and thus in affect beneficial to both.This displays Hardy’s effective complexity within his attitude towards industrialisation and this may because it is an accurate response of his believes that despite that industrialisation is inevitable it is both positive and negative and will have a dual symbiotic impact of society, which is made apparent by his balance argument. Hardy also intricately uses the focalised theme of industrialisation in this chapter to again highlight the motif of social development. Tess is potentially used as an instrument by Hardy to distinguish clear opposing comparisons between the two conjunctions that is industry and the countryside.For example while Tess in awe of the train, is described as a ‘motionless’ which is a dir ect opposition to the moving pace of the train. This is effective in the claim that whilst industry is forever evolving and inevitable to progression, the rural life is still, unmoving and highly limited. This is also enforced by Hardy’s representation of Tess (which is symbolic for the countryside as one of ‘ no date or fashion’ which is negative and highlights the contemporary progression made against the ‘unsophisticated’ life of the countryside.Hardy’s structure with the inclusion of industrial elements is also highly interesting. This is because in contrast to the beginning of the novel where Hardy incorporates no use of modern/industrial aspects, as the novel progresses and especially as Tess attains a higher social status due to her peaking relationship with Angel who represents modern thinking and way of life, modernisation becomes apparent.This is symbolic of the fact that industrialisation is representative of higher social status an d economic growth, business and essentially a means of production which is affiliated with the bourgeoisie. This view is further enhanced by Tess’s ignorance of modern life and her reference to the specific section of Londoners ‘noble men and noble woman’ who are at the heart of industry. This again suggests hat modernisation is another form of referring class distinctions within society and particularly the Victorian era. This may suggest that Hardy’s somewhat negative views on industrialisation may be for these implications on society. However it can also be noted that Industry (metaphorically used through the train) is used to connect these two opposing ways of life, therefore is a positive impact on society and this enforces the symbiotic view which was previously made.In conclusion it is clear that Hardy intricately portrays and depicts the implications of industrialisation in various ways. This shows that his balanced and complex is representative of multiple people within both modern urban areas and the rural countryside. Also these balanced views may be that despite the fact that industry had not fully developed in the Victorian era, they were still showing both negative and positive implications of the world and one of which are inevitable,

Batter my heart, three-personed God by John Donne

Analyzing the poem by John Donne closely, we can see that he used a lot of figures of speech in order to convey what he feels. In the first line, when he said â€Å"three-personed God,† he was referring to the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit concept (Jokinen). He was asking the Lord to punish him. The reason behind his request is that he is getting bold, getting so full of himself, as reflected on the â€Å"that I may rise and stand.† He asks that the Lord overthrow him, and then uses descriptive words â€Å"break, blow burn, and make me new,† these word all metaphors of making pottery. In the first lines, there is a clear statement of his aggressiveness, wherein he doesn’t fear even questioning God Himself. He then poses a simile, â€Å"I, like a usurped town to another due,† wherein he compares himself to an uprising, a rebellion. This is a battle of belief, of whether he remains faithful or not.He admits that he was trying hard to believe in the Lord, however, he himself wasn’t able to defend with reason, because of his weak belief, for his reason dwells upon that weakness. He then counters this statement by saying that he dearly loves the Lord, and he wishes to be loved back. But the problem would be his promise to the Lord’s enemy, which is the devil. These shows a simile of physical conflict, of violence which Donne wishes to convey to the readers.The closing statement on the other hand speaks of a grotesque imagery, a description of rape, which would convey the relationship with God, as seen by Donne. But this may be because he wants to show the power of God, that even though there are various factors that affects a certain person, yet still, God remains powerful and can make or break you, depending on how you want it to be. Reference: Jokinen, Anniina. â€Å"John Donne, Holy Sonnets Xiv†. 1996. March 21 2007. .

Dictinory

EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Dictionary Titles in the Series English Language: Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 English Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Specialist Dictionaries: Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7475 9680 0 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8 Dictionary of Military Terms 1 9038 5620 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks: Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7 PET 0 7475 6627 5 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS TOEFL 0 7475 6982 7  ® 0 7475 6984 3 Visit our website for full details of all our books ttp://www. bloomsbury. com/reference EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION General editor P. H. Collin A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK www. bloomsbury. com Second edition published 2004 First published in Great Britain 2001  © Copyright P. H. Collin, F. Collin, S. M. H. Collin 2001 This edition  © Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 38 Soho Square London W1D 3HB All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7475 6644 5 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0202-2 Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in well-managed forests. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. GENERAL EDITOR P. H. Collin Editorial Contributors Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant Text Production and Proofreading Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah LusznatPreface This dictionary contains the most frequently used words in English and provides the basic vocabulary needed for everyday communication by anyone starting to learn the language. It is especially useful for elementary and pre-intermediate students of all ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary level English examination such as KET or PET. Each word is individually defined, and no words, not even adverbs, are given without a definition. Examples are included for many words to provide patterns for the user’s own production of English sentences.Each word, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term are shown in bold type and separately defined within the entry. The meanings of the main common senses of each word are given clearly and simply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are grouped together by their part of speech. Extra help is offered in Notes at the end of some entries.These include warnings about words which can confused with each other, unusual inflected forms and regularly collocating prepositions. The major differences in US and British spelling are noted. A useful companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which compares and contrasts words with similar meanings, showing the similarities and differences in usage. Symbols before a new part of speech before examples before a phrase or collocation before an idiom a definition of the word will be foun d at the place indicated extra information will be found at the place indicated i ? PronunciationThe following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary. Stress has been indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence. Vowels ? ? a? a? a a ? e e? e? e? i i ? ? u u ? Consonants back harm stop type how hire hour course annoy head fair make go word keep happy about fit near annual pool book tour shut b d ? d f h j k l m n ? p r s ? t t? ? v w x z buck dead other jump fare gold head yellow cab leave mix nil sing print rest ave shop take change theft value work loch measure zone Basic. fm Page 1 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM A a1 /e? /, A noun the first letter of the alpha- very able manager. There are special activities for able children. a bet, followed by B Do you mean ‘dependant’ spelt with an à ¢â‚¬Ëœa’ or ‘dependent’ with an ‘e’? from A to Z completely, all the way through about /? ba? t/ preposition 1. referring to about something He told me all about his operation. What do you want to speak to the doctor about? 2. to be about to do something to be going to do something very soon We were about to go home when you arrived. 3. ot exactly I’ve been waiting for about four hours. She’s only about fifteen years old. how about? 1. what do you think about? We can’t find a new chairperson for the club – What about Sarah? 2. would you like a cup of tea? while you’re about it at the same time as the thing you are doing While you’re about it, can you post this letter? a2 /? , e? /, an /? n, n/ article 1. one a an enormous hole a useful guidebook She’s bought a new car. I want a cup of tea. We had to wait an hour for the bus. (NOTE: an is used before words beginning with a, e, i, o, u and with h if the h is not pronounced: an apple or an hour. is used before words beginning with all other letters and also before u where u is pronounced /ju / : a useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each Apples cost ? 1. 50 a kilo. The car was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour. He earns ? 100 a day. above /? b v/ preposition 1. higher than above The plane was flying above the clouds. The temperature in the street was above 30 degrees. At prices above ? 20, nobody will buy it. 2. older than If you are above 18, you have to pay the full fare. 3. louder than I couldn’t hear the telephone above the noise of the drills. abandon /? b nd? n/ verb 1. to leave abandon someone or something in an unkind wayThe dog had been abandoned by its owner. 2. to give up or stop doing something The company has decided to abandon the project. We abandoned the idea of setting up a London office. abbreviation /? bri vi e (? )n/ noun a abbreviation short form of a word abroad /? br? d/ adverb in or to another abroad country They’ve gone abroad on holiday. I lived abroad for three years. ability /? b? l? ti/ noun 1. a natural tendenability cy to do something well I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations. We can develop their natural abilities. (NOTE: The plural is abilities. ) I’ll do it to the best of my ability I’ll o it as well as I can 2. the fact of being clever suitable for different levels of ability (NOTE: no plural) absence / bs? ns/ noun the fact of beabsence ing away from a place She did not explain her absence from the meeting. The former president was sentenced in his absence. in the absence of because someone or something is not there In the absence of the chairman, his deputy took over. In the absence of any official support, we had to raise our own funds. able / e? b(? )l/ adjective 1. to be able to able do something to be capable of something or have the chance to do something They weren’t able to find the ouse. Will you be able to c ome to the meeting? 2. good at doing something, or good at doing many things She’s a absent / bs? nt/ adjective not there absent Ten of the staff are absent with flu. absolute / bs? lu t/ adjective comabsolute plete or total Basic. fm Page 2 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM absolutely 2 accompany absolutely adverb 1. / bs? lu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to something She accepted the offer of a job in Australia. I invited her to come with us and she accepted. (NOTE: Do not absolutely pletely I am absolutely sure I left the keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bs? lu tli/ es, of course Did you build it yourself? – Absolutely! absorb /? b z? b/ verb 1. to take in something such as a liquid The water should be absorbed by the paper. Salt absorbs moisture from the air. 2. to reduce a shock The car’s springs are supposed to absorb any shock from the road surface. absurd /? b s d/ adjective completely unreasonable or impossible to believe It ’s absurd to expect you will win the lottery if you only buy one ticket. abuse1 /? bju s/ noun 1. rude words The people being arrested shouted abuse at the police. 2. very bad treatment the sexual abuse of children She suffered physical abuse in prison. absorb bsurd abuse (NOTE: [all senses] no plural) abuse2 /? bju z/ verb 1. to treat someabuse one very badly, usually physically or sexually She had been abused as a child. 2. to make the wrong use of something He abused his position as finance director. 3. to say rude things about someone The crowd noisily abused the group of politicians as they entered the building. academic / k? dem? k/ adjective 1. relating to study at a university Members of the academic staff received a letter from the principal. 2. only in theory, not in practice It is only of academic interest. i noun a university teacher All her friends are academics. ccelerate /? k sel? re? t/ verb to go faster Don’t accelerate when you get to traffic lights. accent / ks? nt/ noun 1. a particular way of pronouncing something He speaks with an American accent. 2. the stronger or louder part of a word or sentence In the word ‘letter’ the accent is on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a letter showing a particular way of pronouncing it Cafe has an accent on the ‘e’. accept /? k sept/ verb 1. to take and keep a present We hope you will accept this academic accelerate accent accept confuse with except. ) acceptable /? k sept? b(? )l/ adjective acceptable good enough to be accepted, although ot particularly good Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. Smoking is becoming less socially acceptable. A small gift of flowers would be very acceptable. The offer is not acceptable to the vendor. access / kses/ noun a way of reaching a place The concert hall has access for wheelchairs. At present there is no access to the site. to have access to something to be able to reach a place, meet a person, or obtain somet hing I’ll have access to the studio day and night. The company has access to substantial funds. i verb to get information from a computer She tried to access the address list. accident / ks? d(? nt/ noun 1. an unpleasant thing which happens and causes damage or injury He lost his leg in an accident at work. She was involved in a car accident and had to go to hospital. 2. something that happens unexpectedly Their third baby was an accident. by accident without being planned or expected He found the missing papers by accident. accidental / ks? dent(? )l/ adjective happening without being planned or expected an accidental meeting accidental damage His death was not accidental. accidentally / ks? dent(? )li/ adverb without being planned or expected accommodation /? k? m? de (? )n/ noun a place to live or somewhere to tay for a short time Are you still looking for accommodation? Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. (NOTE: In Britaccess acciden t accidental accidentally accommodation ish English, accommodation has no plural. ) accompany /? k mp(? )ni/ verb 1. to accompany go with someone or something She accompanied me to the door. 2. to play a musical instrument while someone Basic. fm Page 3 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM accomplish else plays another instrument or sings She sang and was accompanied on the piano by her father. (NOTE: accompanied by someone or something) accomplish /? k mpl / verb to do omething successfully You won’t accomplish anything by arguing. according to /? k? d tu / preposition 1. as someone says or writes The washing machine was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. According to the police, the car was going too fast. 2. in agreement with rules or a system Everything went according to plan or schedule. 3. in relation to The teachers have separated the children into classes according to their ages. account /? ka? nt/ noun 1. same as bank account 2. I was worried on her account I was afraid something might happen to her on account of because of, due to The trains are late n account of the fog. We don’t use the car much on account of the price of petrol. take something into account to consider something We have to take the weather into account. on no account not at all accurate / kj? r? t/ adjective correct in all details Are the figures accurate? We asked them to make an accurate copy of the plan. accurately / kj? r? tli/ adverb correctly The weather forecast accurately predicted the storm. accuse /? kju z/ verb to say that someone has done something wrong The police accused her of stealing the money. (NOTE: You accuse someone of a accomplish according to account accurate accurately accuse rime or of doing something. ) achieve /? t? i v/ verb to succeed in doachieve ing something after trying very hard Have you achieved all your aims? The company has achieved great success in the USA. achievement /? t? i vm? nt/ noun something which h as been done successfully She is very modest about her achievements. Coming sixth was a great achievement, since he had never entered the competition before. achievement 3 action acid / s? d/ noun a chemical substance acid that is able to dissolve metals acknowledge /? k n? l? d / verb 1. to acknowledge say that something has been received She didn’t acknowledge receiving my etter. 2. to accept that something is true She acknowledged that she had seen me there. acknowledgement /? k n? l? d m? nt/ noun a letter or note sent to say that something has been received acorn / e? k? n/ noun the fruit of an oak tree acquaintance /? kwe? nt? ns/ noun a person you know slightly She has many acquaintances in the travel industry but no real friends. acquire /? kwa / verb to become the owner of something She has acquired a large collection of old books. across /? kr? s/ preposition 1. from one side to the other Don’t run across the road without looking to see if there is any traffi c coming. 2. n the other side of He saw her across the street. i adverb from one side to the other The river is only twenty feet across. The stream is very narrow – you can easily jump across. act / kt/ noun 1. something which is done He thanked her for the many acts of kindness she had shown him over the years. 2. a part of a play or show Act 2 of the play takes place in the garden. 3. a short performance The show includes acts by several young singers. 4. a law passed by Parliament an act to ban the sale of weapons i verb 1. to do something You will have to act quickly if you want to stop the fire. She acted in a very responsible way. o act as someone or something to do the work of someone or something The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out noise from the street. 2. to behave in a particular way She’s been acting very strangely. to get your act together to organise yourself properly If they don’t get their act together, they’ll miss their train. action / k n/ noun 1. the fact of doing something We recommend swift acacknowledgement acorn acquaintance acquire across act action Basic. fm Page 4 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM active tion to prevent the problem spreading. What action are you going to take to prevent accidents? ut of action not working The car has been out of action for a week. 2. something that is done They’ve shown their commitment by their actions. 3. a movement Avoid sudden actions that could alarm the animals. 4. the things that happen in a performance such as a play or film The action of the play takes place in a flat in London. 5. a case in a law court where someone tries to get money from someone else to bring an action for damages against someone active / kt? v/ adjective 1. involved in active an activity or activities, especially in an energetic way He didn’t play an active part in the attack on the police station.My grandmother is still very active at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano) ex ploding or likely to explode Scientists think the volcano is no longer active. 3. the form of a verb which shows that the subject is doing something (NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the car’ it is passive. ) activity / k t? v? ti/ noun 1. the act or activity fact of being active 2. something that someone does to pass time pleasantly Children are offered various holiday activities – sailing, windsurfing and water-skiing. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is activities. ) actor / kt? / noun a person who acts in actor he theatre, in films or on TV actress / ktr? s/ noun a woman who actress acts in the theatre, in films or on TV (NOTE: Many women prefer to call themselves actors rather than actresses. ) actual / kt? u? l/ adjective real actual It looks quite small but the actual height is 5 metres. Her actual words were much stronger. actually / kt? u? li/ adverb really actually It looks quite small, but actuall y it is over 5 metres high. He said he was ill, but actually he wanted to go to the football match. 4 address ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal ) ad If you want to sell your car quickly, put an ad in the paper. adapt /? d pt/ verb 1. o change something to be suitable for a new situation She adapted the story for TV. The car has been adapted for disabled drivers. 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a new situation We’ll all have to learn to adapt to the new system. adaptable /? d pt? b(? )l/ adjective able to change or be changed easily to deal with new situations or uses add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of numbers If you add all these numbers together it should make fifty. (NOTE: Addadapt adaptable add ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10 + 4 = 14. ) 2. to join one thing to another Interest is added to the account monthly. Add two cupfuls of sugar.Put a teabag into the pot and add boiling water. By building the annexe, they have added thirty rooms to the hotel. 3 . to say or to write something more I have nothing to add to what I put in my letter. She added that we still owed her some money for work she did last month. add up phrasal verb to make a total the figures do not add up the total is not correct addition /? d (? )n/ noun 1. someone or something added to something else the latest addition to the family He showed us the additions to his collection of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures to make a total You don’t need a calculator to do a simple addition. n addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. in addition as well in addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. additional /? d (? )n? l/ adjective included as well as what there is already address /? dres/ noun 1. a set of details of the number of a house, the name of a street and the town where someone lives or works What is the doctor’s address? Our address is: 1 Cambridge Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set of letters, symbols and numbers that addition additional address Basic. m Page 5 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM address book identify someone’s email account i verb 1. to write details such as someone’s name, street and town on a letter or parcel That letter is addressed to me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write to someone Please address your questions to the information office. Teachers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’ here. 3. to make a formal speech to a group The chairman addressed the meeting. address book /? dres b? k/ noun a address book notebook or computer file in which you can record people’s names, home addresses, telephone numbers and email addresses adequate / d? kw? / adjective 1. adequate enough for a purpose We don’t have adequate supplies for the whole journey. His salary alone is barely adequate. 2. only just satisfactory adhesive /? d hi s? v/ adje ctive able to stick to things i noun a substance which sticks things together adhesive adjacent /? d e? s(? )nt/ adjective very adjacent close to or almost touching something My office is in an adjacent building. adjective / d ? kt? v/ noun a word which describes a noun In the phrase ‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’ are both adjectives. adjective adjust /? d adjust st/ verb to make a slight change to something I need to adjust his belt a bit. to adjust to something to become used to something How are you adjusting to being a parent? admiration / dm? re (? )n/ noun readmiration spect for someone or something admire /? d ma / verb to consider admire someone or something with approval He was admired for his skill as a violinist. We admired the view from the balcony. admission /? d m (? )n/ noun 1. the act admission or fact of being allowed to go in to a place Admission to the exhibition is free on Sundays. My friend was refused admission to the restaurant because he was not wearing a tie. no admission no one can enter 2. statement saying that something bad is true Her 5 advantage admission that she had taken the money led to her arrest. admission fee /? d m (? )n fi / noun an amount of money paid to go into a place such as a museum admit /? d m? t/ verb to allow someone to go in to a place Children are admitted free, but adults have to pay. This ticket admits three people. (NOTE: admits – admitting – admitted) to admit (to) doing something to say that you have done something wrong They admitted stealing the car. adopt /? d? pt/ verb 1. to take someone legally as a son or daughter They have adopted a little boy. 2. o decide to start using something The book has been adopted for use in all English classes. We need to adopt a more flexible approach. adore /? d? / verb to like someone or something very much adult / d lt/ noun a fully-grown person i adjective 1. fully grown an adult tiger 2. relating to a matu re person or people adult fiction advance /? d v? ns/ verb to move forward The police slowly advanced across the square. i noun 1. a movement forwards The police have made some advances in their fight against crime. The team made an advance into their opponents’ half. 2. money paid as a loan or as a part of a payment o be made later i adjective done before something happens She made an advance payment of ? 3000. in advance earlier than the time something happens You must phone in advance to make an appointment. They asked us to pay ?200 in advance. advanced /? d v? nst/ adjective which is studied at a higher level He’s studying advanced mathematics. She’s studying for an advanced degree. advantage /? d v? nt? d / noun something which will help you to be successful Being able to drive a car is an advantage. Knowledge of two foreign languages is an advantage in this job. She has several advantages over the other job candidates. o take advanadmission fee admit adop t adore adult advance advanced advantage Basic. fm Page 6 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM adventure tage of something to profit from something They took advantage of the cheap fares on offer. to take advantage of someone to get something unto (good or fairly from someone best) advantage in a way that helps someone or something appear especially good She used her knowledge of Italian to good advantage. adventure /? d vent / noun a new, exciting and dangerous experience I must tell you about our adventures in the desert. adverb / dv b/ noun a word which applies to a verb, an adjective, another dverb or a whole sentence In the sentence ‘He walked slowly, because the snow was very thick. ’ both ‘slowly’ and ‘very’ are adverbs. adverse / dv s/ adjective (of condian tions) unpleasant and unwanted adverse reaction adverse effects advert / dv t/ noun same as adveradventure adverb adverse advert tisement advertise / dv? ta? z/ verb to make advertise su re that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company is advertising for secretaries. Did you see that the restaurant is advertising cheap meals on Sundays? I saw this watch advertised in the paper. advertisement /? d v t? sm? nt/ noun n announcement which tries to make sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen advertising / dv? ta? z / noun the act of making sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company has increased the amount of money it spends on advertising. They spent millions on the advertising campaign. advice /? d va? s/ noun an opinion that someone gives you about what you should do He went to the bank manager for advice on how to pay his debts. They would not listen to the doctor’s advice. My grandfather gave me a very useful piece of advice.His mother’s advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE: no pluadvertisement advertising advice 6 afraid ral: use some advice or, for one item, a piece of advice) advise /? d va? z/ verb 1. to suggest to advise someone what they should do He advised her to save some of the money. 2. to tell someone officially that something has happened (formal ) They advised us that the sale of the house had been completed. adviser /? d va? z? /, advisor noun someone who helps people to make decisions about what to do aerial / e? ri? l/ noun a piece of equipment for receiving radio or TV signals aeroplane / e? r? ple? n/ noun a vehicle hich flies in the air, carrying passengers or goods affair /? fe? / noun 1. something which is relevant to one person or group of people only That’s his affair – it’s nothing to do with me. It’s an affair for the police. His business affairs were very complicated. 2. a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or wife He’s having an affair with his boss’s wife. 3. an event The party is just a famil y affair. 4. an event or situation that shocks people The whole sorry affair was on the front page of the newspapers for days. i plural noun affairs situations or activities relating to public or private life affect /? ekt/ verb to have an influence on someone or something The new regulations have affected our business. Train services have been seriously affected by the strike. affection /? fek n/ noun a feeling of liking someone, especially a friend She always spoke of him with great affection. afford /? f? d/ verb to have enough money to pay for something How will you afford such an expensive holiday? be unable to afford, can’t afford to be unable to accept something because it might cause you a problem I can’t afford a delay of more than three weeks. afraid /? fre? d/ adjective 1. frightened of something or someone I am afraid of nakes. He is too afraid to climb the ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be adviser aerial aeroplane affair affect affection afford afraid B asic. fm Page 7 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM after sorry to say I’m afraid that all the cakes have been sold. You can’t see the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill. Have you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m afraid not. after / ? ft? / preposition 1. following or next in order to If today is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow is Thursday. They spoke one after the other. What’s the letter after Q in the alphabet? after you you go first 2. later than We arrived after six o’clock.We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. i conjunction later than a time After the snow fell, the motorways were blocked. Phone me after you get home. (NOTE: after after is used with many phrasal verbs: to look after, to take after, etc. ) after all 1. in spite of everything Everything was all right after all. 2. the fact is He should be OK; after all, he is eighteen now. afternoon / ? ft? nu n/ noun the time between midday and the evenin g He always has a little sleep in the afternoon. There is an afternoon flight to Paris. Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? afterwards / ? ft? w? dz/ adverb laterWe’ll have lunch first and go shopping afterwards. again /? en/ adverb 1. another time He had to take his driving test again. again and again several times, usually in a firm or determined way The police officer asked the same question again and again. 2. back as you were before Although I like going on holiday, I’m always glad to be home again. against /? enst/ preposition 1. so as to touch He was leaning against the wall. She hit her head against the low doorway. 2. in opposition to England is playing against South Africa tomorrow. It’s hard cycling uphill against the wind. They went against his advice. age /e? / noun the number of years which you have lived She is thirty years of age. He looks younger than his age. i plural noun ages a very long time (informal ) I’ve been waiting here for ages. It took us ages to get served. afternoon afterwards again against age 7 agreement aged /e? d d/ adjective with the age of 1 aged a girl aged nine She died last year, aged 83. aged2 / e? d ? d/ adjective very old an aged man agency / e? d ? nsi/ noun an office which represents another firm an advertising agency agenda /? d end? / noun a list of points for discussion what’s on the agenda? what are we going to discuss? i a set of hings that someone plans to do top of your agenda what someone wants most A holiday is top of my agenda at present. agent / e? d ? nt/ noun a person who works for or represents someone else Our head office is in London but we have an agent in Paris. aggression /? re? (? )n/ noun a feeling of anger against someone that is expressed, especially in physical force an act of aggression an attack on someone aggressive /? res? v/ adjective ready to attack someone aggressively /? res? vli/ adverb as if wanting to attack someone ago /? / adverb in the past He pho ned a few minutes ago. This all happened a long time ago. NOTE: ago aged agency agenda agent aggression aggressive aggressively ago always follows a word referring to time. ) agree /? ri / verb 1. to say yes or give agree permission After some discussion he agreed to our plan. (NOTE: You agree to or on a plan. ) 2. to say or show that you have the same opinion as someone else Most of the group agreed with her suggestion. agreement /? ri m? nt/ noun 1. the act or fact of thinking the same to reach an agreement or to come to an agreement on salaries Agreement between the two sides is still a long way off. they are in agreement with our plan they agree with our plan We discussed he plan with them and they are in agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or to draft an agreement We signed an agreement with the Italian company. agreement Basic. fm Page 8 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM ahead ahead /? hed/ adverb 1. in front ahead Our team was losing, but now we are ahead again. Run on ahead a nd find some seats for us. You need to go straight ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future My diary is filled with appointments for six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to fill the vacancies at least three weeks ahead. ahead of /? hed ? v/ 1. in front of Ahead of us was a steep hill. They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in future time You have a mass of work ahead of you. 3. before (informal ) They drafted in extra police ahead of the international match. aid /e? d/ noun 1. help, especially money, food or other gifts given to people living in difficult conditions aid to the earthquake zone an aid worker (NOTE: This meaning of aid has no plural. ) in aid of in order to help We give money in aid of the Red Cross. They are collecting money in aid of refugees. 2. something which helps you to do something kitchen aids i verb 1. to help something to happen 2. to help someone aim /e? m/ noun what you are trying to do His aim is to do well at school and hen go to university. One of our aims is to increase the speed of service. i verb 1. to plan to do something We aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a gun at someone or something He was aiming or aiming a gun at the policeman. air /e? / noun 1. a mixture of gases which cannot be seen, but which is all around us and which every animal breathes His breath was like steam in the cold air. 2. the air the space around things and above the ground He threw the ball up into the air. (NOTE: These meanings of air have no plural. ) i adjective referring to a method of travelling or sending goods using aircraft new air routes y air in an aircraft I don’t enjoy travelling by air. It’s quicker to send the letter by air. i verb to make a room or clothes fresh by giving them more air Let’s open the windows to air the room. aircraft / e? kr? ft/ noun a vehicle which flies in the air The passengers got into or boarded the aircraft. The airline aid aim air aircraft 8 alive has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE: The plur al is aircraft: one aircraft, six aircraft. ) airfare / e? fe? / noun the amount of money a passenger has to pay to travel on an aircraft air force / e? f? s/ noun a country’s military air organisation airline / e? la? n/ noun a company which akes people or goods to places in aircraft The airline has been voted the most popular with business travellers. He’s an airline pilot. airplane / e? ple? n/ noun US an aircraft airport / e? p? t/ noun a place where aircraft land and take off You can take the underground to the airport. We are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at midday. alarm /? l? m/ noun 1. a loud warning sound An alarm will sound if someone touches the wire. to raise the alarm to warn everyone of danger 2. same as alarm clock i verb to frighten someone I don’t want to alarm you, but there’s a police car parked outside your house. alarm clock /? ? m kl? k/ noun a clock which rings a bell to wake you up album / lb? m/ noun 1. a large book 2. a coll ection of songs on a CD, cassette or record alcohol / lk? h? l/ noun a substance in drinks such as beer or wine that can make people drunk They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. alcoholic / lk? h? l? k/ adjective relating to alcohol alert /? l t/ adjective watching or listening carefully, ready to notice something alike /? la? k/ adjective very similar i adverb in a similar way My sister and I just don’t think alike. The change will affect rich and poor alike. alive /? la? v/ adjective 1. iving He was still alive when he was rescued from the burning building. When my grandfather was alive, there were no supermarkets. (NOTE: not used in front of a noun: the fish is alive but a live fish. ) 2. lively airfare air force airline airplane airport alarm alarm clock album alcohol alcoholic alert alike alive Basic. fm Page 9 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM all The holiday village really comes alive to come alive to become at night. busy and active all /? l/ adject ive, pronoun everything or all everyone They all or All of them like coffee. All trains stop at Clapham Junction. Did you pick all (of) the tomatoes?Where are all the children? i adverb 1. completely The ground was all white after the snow had fallen. I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all by yourself all alone You can’t do it all by yourself. I’m all by myself this evening – my girlfriend’s gone out. all along right from the beginning all at once suddenly all in 1. tired out 2. including everything all of a sudden suddenly all over 1. everywhere over something 2. finished all right well She was ill yesterday but she’s all right now. all the same in spite of this I’m not really keen on horror films, but I’ll go with you all the same. allergic /? l d ? k/ adjective suffering llergic from or referring to an allergy to be allergic to to react badly to a substance Many people are allergic to grass pollen. She is allergic to cats. 9 alpha betical Jack has been my closest ally in the campaign. ally2 /? la? / verb to ally yourself with or to someone to join forces with someone The unions have allied themselves with the opposition. (NOTE: allies ally – allying – allied) almost / ? lm st/ adverb nearly almost London is almost as far from here as Paris. She’s almost as tall as I am. She’ll eat almost anything. Hurry up, it’s almost time for the train to leave. alone /? l n/ adjective 1. with no one lse She lives alone with her cats. He was all alone in the shop. 2. only She alone knew the importance of the message. i adverb without other people We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. I don’t like travelling alone. leave alone 1. not to disturb someone Leave your sister alone, she’s trying to read. 2. to stop touching or playing with something Leave the cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked. Leave those keys alone, the noise is annoying me. to go it alone to do something, especially a business activity, without help from anyone along /? l / preposition 1. by the side of He has planted fruit trees along oth sides of the garden path. The river runs along one side of the castle. 2. in a straight forward direction She ran along the pavement. Walk along the street until you come to the post office. I was just driving along when I caught sight of my brother. 3. to a place John came along after about five minutes. Is it ok if I bring a friend along? aloud /? la? d/ adverb in a voice which can be easily heard alphabet / lf? bet/ noun a series of letters in a specific order, e. g. A, B, C, etc G comes before H in the alphabet. If you’re going to Greece on holiday, you ought to learn the Greek alphabet. alphabetical / lf? bet? k(? l/ adjective relating to the alphabet in alphabetical order in order of the first letter of each word The words in the dictionary are in alphabetical order. Sort out the address cards into alphabetica l order of the people’s names. alone along allergy / l? d i/ noun a bad reaction to allergy a substance which makes you sneeze, or makes your skin itch, e. g. She has an allergy to household dust. The baby has a wheat allergy. allow /? la? / verb to let someone do allow something She allowed me to borrow her book. Smoking is not allowed in the restaurant. You are allowed to take two pieces of hand luggage onto the plane. allowance /? a ns/ noun 1. an allowance amount of money paid to someone regularly a weekly allowance 2. an amount of money which you are allowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. to make allowances for to take something into account You must make allowances for his age. ally1 / la? / noun 1. a country which ally works together with another, especially in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies. ) 2. someone who is willing to support you in something you want to achieve aloud alphabet alphabetical Basic. fm Page 10 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM already already /? l redi/ adverb before now or already I’ve albefore the time mentioned eady done my shopping. It was already past ten o’clock when he arrived. also / ? ls / adverb in addition to something or someone else that has been mentioned He’s a keen cyclist and his sister also likes to cycle when she can. She sings well and can also play the violin. (NOTE: also is usually placed bealso fore the main verb or after a modal or auxiliary verb. ) alter / ? lt? / verb to become different, or alter make something different, especially in small ways or in parts only They wanted to alter the terms of the contract after they had signed it. The shape of his face had altered slightly. alteration / ? lt? re (? )n/ noun 1. the ct of becoming different or of making something different 2. something that has been, or needs, changing She made some alterations in the design. alternate1 /? l t n? t/ adjective every other one We see each other on alternate Sundays. alternate2 / ? lt? ne? t / verb to keep changing from one particular position or state to another alternative /? l t n? t? v/ adjective 1. in place of something else If the plane is full, we will put you on an alternative flight. Do you have an alternative solution? 2. following a different way from usual i noun something which you do instead of something else Now that she’s ill, do we have any alternative o calling the holiday off? although /? l / conjunction in spite of the fact that Although it was freezing, she didn’t put a coat on. I’ve never been into that shop although I’ve often walked past it. altogether / ? lt? e / adverb taking everything together The food was ? 10 and the drinks ? 5, so that makes ? 15 altogether. The staff of the three shops come to 200 altogether. always / ? lwe? z/ adverb 1. every time She is always late for work. Why does it always rain when we want to go for a walk? 2. all the time It’s always alteration alternate alternate alternative al though altogether always 10 amount hot in tropical countries. . frequently, especially when someone finds it anShe’s always asking me to noying lend her money. am /? m, m/ 1st person present singular of be a. m. / e? em/ adverb before midday I have to catch the 7 a. m. train to work every day. Telephone calls made before 6 a. m. are charged at the cheap rate. (NOTE: a. m. is usually used to am a. m. show the exact hour and the word o’clock is left out) amazement /? me? zm? nt/ noun great amazement surprise To his amazement he won first prize. amazing /? me? z / adjective 1. very surprising It was amazing that she never suspected anything. 2. extremely It was an interesting and unusual mazing experience, sailing so far from land at night. ambition / m b (? )n/ noun a wish to do something special His great ambition is to ride on an elephant. ambulance / mbj? l? ns/ noun a van which carries sick or injured people to hospital When she fell down the stairs, her husband call ed an ambulance. American /? mer? k? n/ adjective relating to America or to the United States among /? m ? /, amongst /? m ? st/ preposition 1. surrounded by or in the middle of He was standing among a crowd of tourists. 2. between a number of people in a group Let’s share the cake among us. 3. in addition to other people or things Jack was there, mong others. amount /? ma? nt/ noun a quantity of something such as money The amount in my bank account has reached ? 1000. We spent a large amount of time just waiting. a certain amount some but not a lot Painting the house will take a certain amount of time. amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a total of My year’s savings amount to less than ? 1000. 2. to be similar or equal to something I think what he said amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to amount to the same thing to mean the amazing ambition ambulance American among amount Basic. fm Page 11 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM amuse same, to be the same Whether he took ash or free holidays, it all amounts to the same thing. The remaining problems don’t amount to much. amuse /? mju z/ verb 1. to make someone laugh This story will amuse you. to amuse yourself to play or get pleasure from what you are doing The children amused themselves quietly while their parents talked. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly for someone How can we amuse the children on the journey? amusement /? mju zm? nt/ noun 1. a feeling of pleasure caused by something that is funny 2. to someone’s amusement making someone feel pleasure in a funny situation Much to her amusement, the band played ‘Happy Birthday to you! . 3. a way of passing the time pleasantly They had planned several visits for the guest’s amusement. amusing /? mju z / adjective funny an /? n, n/ ? a analysis /? n l? s? s/ noun a close examination of the parts or elements of something job analysis to make an analysis of the sales or a sales analysis to carry out an analysis of the marke t potential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /? n l? si z/. ) ancient / e? n nt/ adjective very old, or belonging to a time long ago He was riding an ancient bicycle. and /? n, ? nd, nd/ conjunction used to join two words or phrases All my uncles and aunts live in the country.The children were running about and singing. Come and sit down next to me. amuse amusement amusing an analysis ancient and (NOTE: and is used to say numbers after 100: ‘seven hundred and two and so on, and so forth, (702)’) and so on and so forth with other similar things He talked about plants, flowers, vegetables, and so on. anger / ? ?/ noun a feeling of being very annoyed He managed to control his anger. She couldn’t hide the anger she felt. angle / ? ?l/ noun a corner where two lines meet She planted the tree in the angle of the two walls. at an angle anger angle 11 annoying not straight The shop front is at an angle to the road. ngrily / ? r? li/ adverb in an angry way He shouted angrily when the children climbed over the fence. angry / ? ri/ adjective upset and annoyed, and sometimes wanting to harm someone The shopkeeper is angry with the children because they broke his window. He gets angry if the post is late. I am angry that the government is doing nothing to prevent crime. When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at midday the boss got even angrier. angrily angry (NOTE: angrier – angriest) animal / n? m(? )l/ noun a living thing animal that moves independently I love having animals as pets. (NOTE: animal may include humans in scientific contexts. )

Nike Fuel Band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Fuel Band - Essay Example Buyers of the product want to understand their habits more effectively, so that they can improve. Shame is one of the factors that propel buyers to make use of the device once they purchase it. If no activity is registered, the band will have a dull red dot with no other signal. Therefore, users will feel guilty about not doing enough to activate the sensors in the machine. On the other hand, one may also assume that these consumers are driven by attainment of short term goals. They want to feel good about themselves and the efforts that they have put into self improvement. It is for this reason that the band sends congratulatory messages to those persons who have attained their daily goals. Buyers of the product are also believers of scientific techniques. This device will collect data on the consumer’s fitness activities throughout the day through a combination of their movements and plyometrics. Essentially, one would not buy such a band if one did not believe in the power of science to find information about something and then build it to become a more informative insight. These are also people who are well-informed about fitness processes. Many of them know the intricacies of calorie counting as well as the implications of exercise intensity (Dent, 2012). ... Usually, the rewards come in the form of a dancing alien. While the latter may seems like an insignificant and intangible item, it is the meaning of that reward that counts. These types of consumers also long for approval from other people. Perhaps another revolutionary thing about the product is its ability to link consumers with other users though social networks. It allows persons with similar goals to share their accomplishments and thus boost each other’s morale. Such buyers relish complements from their peers. They also care about what people think regarding them. Conversely, one may look at this behavior from a different angle. Persons who purchase the band in order to connect with friends may be perceived as friendly and sociable creatures. The device could simply be a new way of spending time with their counterparts and sharing with them. They may be looking for different points of contact with each other. Buyers of the product are tech-savvy, which explains why a per son will need to use a range of other technology platforms to reap its full benefits. For instance, it depends on Bluetooth technology in order to use an application which will calculate the person’s activity rate. Additionally, consumers with ipads and ipods may also use the device in order to enjoy tracking via their applications (Nike, 2013). The product is sold for substantially more than other similar devices in the market. It goes for $150 yet a competing product is sold at $60. Regardless, of these differences, the bands were sold out during the launch. Clearly, these consumers do not focus much on price. They are more interested in the value that they can derive from the product. Purchasers have

Contract Cost and Documentation for the Navy Assignment

Contract Cost and Documentation for the Navy - Assignment Example Contract cost includes the strategies for controlling various kinds of cost associated with the contracts or agreements of the company. The strategies of contract cost help to provide different kinds of products to the Navy, so that the customers can justify the billing procedures and other costs related to the services of Lester Myers Inc. The documentation process helps the company to check the working process including the paper works with the aim of ascertaining accuracy of billings. The documentation process is adopted in order to minimize the effects and maintain the quality of services or products (Urizar, 2013). In the negotiation process, Lester Myers Inc. provides a low price facility to the Navy. It helps Navy to purchase the products or services from Lester Myers Inc. in bulk quantities, which increases the sales percentage of Lester Myers Inc. The company should implement an efficient payment facility to retain Navy’s contract as well as trust. If the payment facilities do not provide benefits to the Navy, then disagreement will be witnessed in the contract, which will not be efficient for the business relations. In addition, the company should focuses on the ways by which it can control as well as increase the working capital and cash flow within the same. Lester Myers Inc. provides credit facilities for the Navy, so that the customers get the chance to pay the amount over time. Credit facilities include partial payment facilities reducing the stress of bulk payment, which could be riskier for the Navy (Scheer, 2013). The company should provide monthly or periodically installment payment facilities, which in turn helps the Navy to feel free from the payment burden and pay periodically or monthly. The company can provide multi channels for the payment such as online facilities or other credit and/or debit card facilities to make payment process easier for the Navy. The

Medical seizures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical seizures - Essay Example Seizures are temporary phenomena; some individuals have got repeated episodes of seizures. These repeated episodes have been given a medical name of epilepsy. Individuals with seizures may present in different ways depending upon the level of and number of neurons involved. In a number of individuals, it is just a jerky movement involving one or more limbs or other areas with conscious level maintained while in others the movements may involve whole body and individual may loose her/his consciousness. So, seizures have been classified according to the level of complexity and consciousness. When some parts of the body are involved, seizures are called as partial otherwise they are generalized. If consciousness is lost which usually occurs with generalized seizures then these are called complex, if consciousness is present, these are simple seizures. Generalized seizures may affect body in a variety of ways and they have been further divided based on the types of movements they are pro ducing: absence, myoclonic, clonic and atonic seizures. In contrast, there are some situations in which these seizures may be single, for example: trauma or head injury, high grade fever especially in children, a symptom of other diseases including tumor and reactions to some drugs. At times, a partial seizure may spread in the brain when it is called secondary generalization. A persistent state of seizures for more than 5 minutes or by other doctors for 30 minutes is called status epilepticus. It is a real emergency state, which needs urgent measures to bring the patient out of the condition (Wikipedia, Carpenter ch:125). Current Treatment Treatment is required when seizures become recurrent. If the cause of the seizure is removed then there is no need of use of epileptic drugs; this occurs in situations like febrile conditions in children or seizures due to electrolytes imbalance. Main purpose of these drugs is to stop seizures because in addition to the direct effects of seizures there are chances of more severe complications, for example accidents resulting from seizures while driving, to arise if these seizures are not treated effectively. The criteria for starting anti-epileptic drugs are: evidence of focal neurological lesion based on clinical examination, radiological findings or EEG interpretations. If seizures occur once and there are no other findings especially in adults then there is no need of epileptic drugs. These drugs have been classified and prioritised for various types of seizures: Partial - simple and complex: carbamazepin,phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Secondary generalized: carbamazepin, phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Primary Generalized - absence: ethosuximide, valproate, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - tonic-clonic: valproate, carbamazepin, phenytoin, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - myoclonic and tonic: valproate, clonazepam Some of the patients do not get benefits from the medical treatment. The only option left for them is surgical resection of the hyperactive area in the brain. This is a very sophisticated procedure, which requires exact location of the area of brain with abnormal hyper excitability (Carpenter ch:125). Treatment of choice for status epilepticus has been diazepam even in the presence

Reflective Case Study on the Assessment and Evaluation of Secondary Essay

Reflective Case Study on the Assessment and Evaluation of Secondary Mathematics - Essay Example An evaluation refers to an intermittent process of gathering data and then analyzing it in such a way that the resulting information can be used to determine whether an individual is effectively carrying out planned objectives. Through evaluation, we will be able to anticipate results of a student's progress. On the other hand, assessment is the process of detailing knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs which, in turn, is often used in the educational context. I may consider that both of these techniques are the first steps in getting your child the assistance he needs to learn and develop in school. In accordance to this, a series of educational assessments carried out on children attending schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that follows the National Curriculum was made, called as National Curriculum Assessments. The exam-based assessments (National Curriculum Tests) are often referred to as SATs (Standard, or Statutory, Assessment Tests), which was their title when they were being developed in the 1990s. One of the subjects that were given importance is the secondary mathematics. I personally believe that there has never been a greater need to be mathematically literate but for those who comprehend mathematics, there are important enhanced opportunities and options that will open doors to dynamic futures. In the National Curriculum, schools are ensure... It is a flexible framework given to teachers by Government, so that all school children are taught in a way that is balanced and manageable, but stretching enough to challenge them and meet their diverse needs. The National Curriculum is prearranged into blocks of years called 'key stages'. I am about to examine key stage 3 and key stage 4 performance in Mathematics. Here is an example individual pupil profile of a student in key stage 3. *Important Note: A pupil's score is only an estimate of true ability as performance on any one occasion can be affected by a number of factors such as mood, illness, external distractions etc. Here are the results of last year's (2005) National Curriculum Test Scores in Mathematics. These tables show the percentage of year 9 pupils achieving each level nationally in 2005 Assessment Data The following can are some available assessment tests that can be used. The Basic Yellis Test, which has been in use since 1992, as a measure of developed abilities providing a fair baseline from which GCSE predictions and value-added scores can be generated, also helps in assessing the pupil's performance with regards to the curriculum. Their compulsory math section has been designed with an emphasis on measuring fluency and speed as well as numerical ability. One of their most efficient ways of collecting mathematical information is the use of constructed answers rather than just multiple choice questions. According to them, the Math score is an excellent predictor of later academic achievement. Another quick way of assessment is GOAL or Goal plc (Global Online Assessment for Learning) established to provide an innovative

Three things i learned after i came to USA as a international student Essay

Three things i learned after i came to USA as a international student from china are independence, self-control and know more about the cultural diversity - Essay Example And more importantly, in today’s world, it is difficult to expect that an act of violence will not receive the similar treatment from the victim. In other words, violence creates violence. In order to avoid this savage behavior and to support and work for the collective coexistence, it is highly essential that difference must not be used as a point for hatred but it should be celebrated as a form of diversity. United States of America is a multi-cultural society where people from different countries, different nations and from different ethnic, social, social and economic and religious backgrounds live together (Chandra and Mahajan 31). And this experience has been very unique and interesting for me for various reasons as I have made so many local friends and have experienced that such negative attitudes are not common as they are told, informed and considered internationally. For example, internationally it is assumed that both China and the United States of America do not have friendly or cordial relations as both do not have similar or favorable attitudes towards each other. And more interestingly, the global media and the national media do not take time to portray this type of relationship between America and China in such a way to highlight intense and deep animosity between them. Consequently, people living in countries follow media and nurture hatred against each others. In other w ords, there are certain â€Å"vested interests† who earn through fuelling negative sentiment in the relationship between both countries. However, the ground reality is always totally different. Before coming to the United States, the effect of such media news was very much on my mind and the subsequent result was that I was unable to have positive and constructive opinion about people. Later on, after entering into the United States, my mindset suddenly changed after meeting with my American

Emerging Technology 3-D Transistors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emerging Technology 3-D Transistors - Essay Example It is in line with this that manufacturers of memory cells, particularly, Intel have been concerned with ways of enhancing the performance level of transistors that are mounted on memory cells for various mobile devices, particularly smart phones. The new technology that has emerged from Intel is 3-D transistors. 3-D transistors have been said to be a technical form of Tri-Gate that has been set to advance over the traditional two-dimension gate, which was in flat construction. With the advancement, the two-dimensional planar is replaced with three-dimensional silicon fin that ensures that the silicon substrate is raised up vertically. This emerging technology has been said to be necessary because it is no longer becoming possible to cram transistors in two-dimensional gates to make the Moore’s Law of doubling the number of transistors on a silicon device every two years possible. Keywords – processor; transistors; 3-D transistors; tri-gate; mobile device; memory cell; Moore’s Law; fin; silicon; advancement; dimensional; chips I. INTRODUCTION The cell phone industry has grown to heights that can be described as the most phenomenal in decades since the introduction of the technology. There are indeed a number of factors that have aided in the rapid growth of the cell phone industry, particularly due to the efficiency and effectiveness of the various components of technologies that come together to make up the holistic cell phone industry. One of such components of technologies that cannot be overlooked is the performances of cell phones that have made them versatile to performing a number of functions, including advanced memory cells. It would be noted however that the making and functionality of these memory cells are always based on the mounting of transistors (Han and Wentzlo, 2010). these transistors have always been in place to enhance energy efficiency and monitor the speed of processors, ensuring that the cell phones and other mobile technology devices can undertake processes input in them quite easily (Joyner, Zarkesh-Ha, and Meindl, 2001). With this function of transistors in mobile devices, it is very clear to note that these mobile devices including new forms of smart phones cannot be integrated with component array of functionalities if they do not have an effective transistor base to regulate energy efficiency and processor speed (Apte, Doering, and Gargini, 2007). It is in line with this that the focus of most memory cell makers has been on the need to enhance the efficacy of transistors. This paper serves as a survey paper to critically analyze the works of existing reviewers on a particular new technology in the line of transistors, which are 3-D transistors. Intel’s 3-D transistors are used as a model. II. SURVEY FINDINGS A. Intel’s Motivation to go 3-D Since the emergence of this 3-D transistors idea, transistors were generally mounted on 2-D platforms, called the 2-D planer 2-D gate (Di etrich and Haase, 2012). Various researchers have therefore tried to find out what the motivation of Intel to go 3-D could be. In this, it has been identified that the major motivation behind the emerging technology of 3-D transistors is Moore’s Law (Davis et al, 2005). Chang, Zuo, Wang, Yu, and Boning (2012) notes that Moore’s Law states that â€Å"the number of transistors per chip will double roughly every two years.† By implication, the memory cell that houses the chips must be in a position to

Light jet plane Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Light jet plane - Research Paper Example The most primitive needs should be satisfied completely first and then gradually other needs should be fulfilled but then again sometimes the most primitive needs only prove to be a hurdle in the overall growth and routine task execution. The higher importance tasks can only be efficiently performed if the lower basic necessities are met. (Rakowski, 2008) The light jet plane is basically a corporate jet with only one operational pilot seat and capable of accommodating around five people. Some of the have a proper lavatory system while some do not; however, it is very comfortable and highly in demand for many companies. Businessmen and VIP personnel can easily cover their required distances with all the space at their disposal and without having to bear the discomfort of public air transport planes. As the name signifies these planes are small, less heavy and fly at slow speeds but comfortably. (Pike, 2009) The major factor utilizing probably the majority of the organization’s concerns is the fiscal policies. External crisis such as inflation, stock market ups and downs etcetera have huge bearings on the overall economic infrastructure. The economic conditions of the population is checked and double checked before pricing goods or investing in the manufacture process. Moreover the financial condition of a particular locality plays a driving role admits (Kreitner, 2007). Not every geographical demarcation is well suited for buying expensive luxuries. So the company should chalk out its fiscal policies considering the minutest details regarding the ongoing currency value, stock’s market and the economic solidarity of the country. In order to avoid any major setbacks to the organization’s revenue generation or the entire outlet flop. In the modern era of technology it is extremely important for every company in the endeavor to

BUREAUCRACY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

BUREAUCRACY - Essay Example It is, however, quite ironic that modern society now use bureaucracy as a critical generalization for inefficiency and red tape (Fisher; Heady). This was not how Max Weber visualized bureaucracy. Weber became the foremost exponent of bureaucracy when it was still in its crude form where bureaucracy and rationality were inseparable. Under such intertwined aspect, the four main elements of Weber’s rational bureaucracy were distinct lines of hierarchical authority, practical specialisation, professional training of administrators or supervisors, and efficient decision making (Borgatti). Practitioners have, however, extended Weber’s ideals of bureaucracy into a social structure distinguished by the following elements : job specifications, system of supervision and subordination, unity of command, general use of written documents and records, skills and competency training, use of rules and policies and hiring of personnel and work assignment based on competence and experience (Borgatti). Beyond Weber’s iron cage, Wang compiled the following perceived dysfunctional aspects of a bureaucracy : red tape from all the rules and the signatures required to get things going, difficulty to transform from this system to another and also the tendency to segment attention and response as a result of division of labor. There were some inadequacies pinpointed on the bureaucratic system of organization. Drawn from the thoughts of Bennis and Miner, the most obvious downside of bureaucracy are summarized in the following statements: (1) Owing to the rigidity of rules and procedures and the specialisation typical of a bureaucracy, it does not promote personal growth and professional maturity; (2) Since the system is run based on the principle of â€Å"unity of command†, conformity and â€Å"group-think† are developed; (3) Its inflexible structure is not

U.S. counterinsurgency operations in Cuba and the Philippines Essay Example for Free

U.S. counterinsurgency operations in Cuba and the Philippines Essay In January 2002, The United States Special Operation Commands, Pacific (SOCPAC) took on an arduous task of assisting the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) with a specific mission for ousting the terrorists forces of Al Qaida, Jemaah Islamiyah and the Abu Sayyaf Group(ASG) and to carry the humanitarian operations in the islands of Basilan which was considered as the most dangerous place. The United States Special Forces (SP) unit along with the specially equipped forces and scout rangers of the AFP formed the Light Reaction Company. This Light Reaction Company along with the SOCPAC were deployed at Basilan with the sole motive to reject the ASG sanctuary, undergo surveillance on the key positions, support the villagers, conduct regular training to boost the morale of the AFP and support the strike forces of AFP and assist in the civil affairs operations. This was the part of the Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines (OEF-P). In this operation, 350 operating personal were deployed and other 750 were providing logistics support to the headquarters in Zamboanga on Mindanao. The main purpose of the Mission was to help AFP in curbing the stronghold of Abu Sayyaf and as a result, the declared members of the Abu Sayyaf group reduced to 80 from 700. Another project that took place was Operation Smiles, a program to give medical aid to the local civilians of Basilan where the intensive fighting was taking place. The result of this operation was the establishment of 14 Schools, seven clinics, three hospitals and more than 20 fresh wells. Fighting again resumed in 2005 and 2006 between the government forces and the Abu Sayyaf group who was aligned with the New People’s army. By the end of 2006, hundreds of guerillas and soldiers were killed, and NPA was left with 7,000 fighters whereas Abu Sayyaf with 2,000. United States took up a different approach in Cuba by interfering in their internal private affairs. When the United States felt threatened by the Cuban revolution in 1959 and rise of communism under Fidel Castro, they formed a special committee to launch an attack on Cuba. They faced the danger of the coercion of the communist parties in Cuba that they would unleash their communist movements in America. They formulated the plan to infuse the anti-regime spirit and overthrow the government. They made thirty different plans to over throw the government and disrupt their economy. Among these were included the use of American Green Berrets, destruction of their sugar crops and mining of harbors. To overcome the crises, Cuba began to establish the trade relationships with Soviet Union. On April 17, 1961, United States conducted air strikes across the island to eliminate the Cuban air force, and enabling the Brigade 2506 to have a complete control over the island much before their actual landing at the Bay of Pigs. This failed because the invasions were not conducted as planned and Fidel Castro even resisted an armed invasion of 1,500 CIA trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs. This was another excuse for America to increase their propaganda against the Cuban government. In 1962 Operation North wood, plan was initiated with the intention to use false flag as an excuse to attack Cuba. Every month since 1962 there was one plan or the other to destabilize the communist regime either in the form of publishing views against Castro, equiping militant opposition groups with armaments, helping them in establishing guerilla bases and preparing them for their military interventions in Cuba in October. Many of the plans were devised by the CIA with the sole purpose to assassinate Fidel Castro which included the use of hair removal powder to fall the Castros beard, a poisoned wetsuit, the exploding cigars and the placing of explosive seashells in Castros favorite places including the place where he used to go for diving. This project was originally decided to put into action in October 1962 with an open revolt and ultimately to the overthrow the Communist regime. This action was planned when the Cuba was at the peak of the Cuban Missile crisis due to the Soviet Unions’s presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, and could have led to the nuclear war between Soviet Union and United States. Therefore on 30th October the operation was suspended, but they had already deployed three of ten six-man sabotage teams in Cuba. One team infact was successful in blowing Cuban industrial facility on 8th November, 1962. This whole Cuban Project was known as Operation Mongoose. United States broke all the diplomatic relations with Cuba and imposed sanctions against it in 1962. The relationship between the two nations improved in 2000-2001 but again deteriorated when George W Bush came to power. Bush termed Cuba as an outpost of tyranny and his undersecretary to the U. S. State Department John R. Bolton levied accusations against Cuba of keeping and maintaing bioweapons program. Bolton even declared that Cuban leader had visited US enemy countries like Libya, Iran and Syria. Cuba was also declared as a State Sponsor of Terror by the United States department of State but Cuban government in turn accuses America for sponsoring terrorism against Cuba. Thus American Government again started their activities towards overthrowing the Cuban government and through the media propagated against the government to the extent that the opposition parties, supporting United States in Havana started displaying messages on a scrolling â€Å"electronic billboard† and to counter these Cuban government constructed large number of poles, carrying black flags with white stars, to obstruct these messages. On 12th September, 2006, the United States formed five interagency working groups to monitor Cuba and to carry their policies. These groups were set up quitely in War like rooms. According to the U. S. officials, three of these created groups; diplomatic actions; strategic communications and democratic promotion are headed by the State Department. One more group which coordinated humanitarian aid to Cuba is run by the Commerce Department, and the fifth group tackles migration issues, is being run jointly by the National Security Council and the Department of Homeland Security. These prcocess is being undertaken to restore democracy. Thus the counter insurgency operations with Philippines was to help the Philippine regime to crush the terrorists activities of the Al Qaida, Jemaah Islamiyah and the Abu Sayyaf Group(ASF) whereas the United States Policy towards Cuba was to eliminate the Communist regime by supporting the opposition parties and to counter the Russia’s missiles in Cuba. United States Counter Insurgency operations in Philippines were over and all successful, and the reasons behind these successful efforts were the comprehensive operations, adopting strategy of attacking the enemys line of attacks and disrupting their alliances and this was achieved by strengthening the Philippine government institutions and local security so that the daily lives of the people can move on smoothly. The measures were also undertaken for civic development to provide necessary amenities to its population. These operations being carried out in Basilan led to the ousting of the ASG from the island simply because they lost the support of the population and lost the combat operations as well as bases. But, there were certain strategic errors that led to again the emergence of ASG who â€Å"Lived to fight another day with the sole help from the JI and MILF. The ASG is again rising on the southern islands of Jolo and Tawi Tawi where Forces of the United States are not allowed to give assistance to AFP. This situation arises due to the certain strategic errors by the United States. The first strategic error was inability of the OEF-P, American leaders to fruitfully understand their own forces. They could not understand the basic traits of SF in an arena of employment and their capabilities to take out the combat advisory mission during unconventional warfare. Instead of fully understanding the situation, combatant commander and the Secretary of Defense imposed restrictions on SF soldiers. Over and above, the restrictions were also imposed on these SF advisers to operate at battalion level with their AFP counterparts but were not disallowed to operate at lower tactical echelons. U. S. leaders at the highest levels also could not able to comprehend fully the unconventional warfare. This led to the second strategic error and that is over-reliance on technical reconnaissance assets. The Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the Navys P3 Orion began to be used for locating the ASG and the hostages on Basilan. These they used again for protection minimizing the risks to U. S. personnel. These though reduced the patrolling in remote areas, but this kind of surveillance was unconventional, and the forces on the ground were not allowed to use these reconnaissance assets. The third reason cited because of the prohibition of the U. S. leaders to assist the SF units because the negotiations were going on between the AFP and MILF, so forces were removed from MILF and because AFP was desperate to take the advice and assistance from U. S. Military, AFP troops were shifted from MILF-controlled areas. This led to the creation of de facto ASG sanctuaries giving boost to the ASG and MILF strong relationship. Many people staying in the area are also the members of these two organizations. (Tzu Sun, May-June 2004). The United States strategy in Cuba did not get desired results. The CIA wrote an internal report that blamed the internal incompetence on failure. The administration thought that the troops could retreat to mountains and conduct guerrilla war if they lost in open battle. But they did not realize that the troops could not reach the mountains by foot. The second reason was that the troops were deployed in swampland, where they were easily surrounded. The third biggest fault was their thinking that Cubans would be great full to them to give them liberation from Fidel Castro and would join in the battle, but the Americans could not gain the support of the population. It was basically due to the agencys weak positions on the ground in Cuba. CIA’s witnessed the mass support of Castro and those who were against the Castro were rounded and arrested by him. (Bay of Pigs invasion, encyclopedia) Looking at these failures and strategies the soldiers in order to win the war against terrorism first of all should analyze the ground situation where the war is to be fought, take the local population into confidence, never underestimate the enemies, and use the reconnaissance assets at the appropriate situation and at the appropriate moment. WORKS CITED 1. Bay of Pigs Invasion All Experts: Encyclopedia Retrieved April 5, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://en. allexperts. com/e/b/ba/bay_of_pigs_invasion. htm 2. Maxwell S. David (May-June 2004) Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines: What Would Sun Tzu Say? The U. S. Army Professional Writing Collection Retrieved April 5, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://www. army. mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume2/june_2004/6_04_3. html

Comparing National and Personal Security

Comparing National and Personal Security Why national security is more important than personal security. What if national security was gone tomorrow? Some people would automatically assume the worst.Although we wouldnt be invaded by another country   in a month or be any more likely to be attacked as a country,the people of America would be in a great deal of danger. When a natural disaster strikes a populated area,the first people to respond are firefighters,paramedics,and police officers.Even in the event of the area being completely leveled,they still have to keep order and keep the civilians safe.Without them,most people who are stranded or in need would never be found or die,although many times civilians help in search and rescue.Its obvious that American emergency services plays the defining role of how many people survive a natural disaster,and are employes of the government,even if their pay comes from taxpayers.Besides wanting to help its people,the only reason the United States   government would have to send help to civilians after a disaster is national security,which is the belief that the government and parliaments should protect its people through various means and powers. Of all the powers Congress has,the most they have has to do is with national security,like investigations and declaring war,so its apparent that national security is important to the United States government.But with great power comes great responsibility.A natural reaction to the United States government protecting its people from crisis is going too far. Luckily,there are limitations to what they can do.For example,the 4th amendment stops the government or government workers from searching your body,belongings,home or other possessions without reasonable cause or a warrant from a judge and the 5th allows the right to remain silent.Even in cases like executive order 9066 (japanese american civilians   locked up after Pearl Harbor) or Guantanamo Bay (prisoners tortured after and for information on 9/11) where personal rights were crushed under a boot of national security,it was all in an attempt to keep the people safe.Yes,the 2 two events above were horrible and should have n ever happened,but the intents were still good. In 1915,german submarines sunk a United States ship,leading Congress to declare war on Germany,showing a successful national security response as Germany had killed Americans and were a threat to the nation.Similarly,after the attack on Pearl Harbor Congress once again declared war in a response to a threat to national security.When 9/11 occurred many inactive veterans would step back on the battlefield since the attack on the Trade Towers was a national crisis,falling under a national security matter.If the government had not reacted in the way they did,there would have been many more attacks like the ones above. Not every occasion where national security overtakes personal rights is bad. When a shooter and his wife were killed after killing 14 people in San Bernardino, the FBI recovered an Iphone from one of the bodies.When they demanded Apple, the famous company that makes the phones, to help them crack the phone by making a back door,they said no. If they did help,they could have potentially saved lives, but there personal right to say no prevented that, stopping the FBI from doing their jobs because the phone could have helped they find more shooters/information. Many people are also skeptical of national security because of how secret and over powered they think it is. But this isnt necessarily the case. No matter if everyone in the world saw and recorded someone blowing up a building,the terrorist would still have to right to a trial in the United States and someone would have to prove, without a reasonable doubt, that he did in fact blow up the building, according to the 5th amendment of the United States constitution. And to make it even harder for national security,due to the same amendment, the terrorist wont have to testify against himself/herself, so all the evidence must come from someone/something else.Much criticism of national security comes from the secrecy and the reluctance of the United States government to release information to the public.Although it is only right for a countrys people to fully   know of the problems plaguing national security,many times the secrecy is absolutely necessary.It is to ensure that Unied S tates methods and analysis of receiving and decoding information are not revealed to other nations.For example,on July 17 1950, at the peak of United States fear Julius Rosenberg was arrested for allegedly passing Russian secrets to Russia.About a month later his wife was arrested as well.They He worked for the United States Army Signal Corps and was an engineer, making him seem ordinary.During their trial however, a majority of the evidence presented was weak and didnt seem to be nearly enough to send them to the electric chair for the crimes they seemed to not have done.But nearly forty years after the trial,evidence that was classified at the time was released to the public,revealing that the United States had been listening in on Russian transmissions and Julius Rosenberg (wifes role still unknown) had indeed been giving Atomic secrets to Russia.If   the United States government had released the information during the trial to the public to appeal to their personal right to know if the Rosenbergs were actually guilty or not,the Russians would have known that they were being listened in to and the United States would have lost any future oppertunities to gather any infromation.It is also important to note that the Rosenbergs have avoided death by admitting to their espionage. Even with some of the necessary secrecy, National security still isnt as secret as most people think it to be.In the United States,about one point four million people have access to top secret information.Although this sounds scary, contradictory to public assumption, top secret is not the highest level of secret information.There are multiple levels of sensitive information clearance higher than top secret including sensitive compartment information and special access programs. In the end, national security is more important than personal rights because without it, the government would have little reason to help its people and would most likely end up working for itself instead of their people. References Constitute. Constitute, Constitute Project, www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_States_of_America_1992. Executive Order 9066. Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 9 Feb. 2009. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Executive-Order-9066/473853?opensearch=executive%20order%209066. Accessed 15 Feb. 2017. Okita, Dwight. In Response to Executive Order 9066: All Americans of Japanese Descent Must Report to Relocation Centers. Breaking Silence: An Anthology of Contemporary Asian-American Poets, edited by Joseph Bruchac, Greenfield Review Press, 1983, p. 211. LitFinder, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LITFsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CLTF0000508187WKit=rasid=0c318a462d4449dbc9f55f57ba1a9a13. Accessed 15 Feb. 2017 The Powers of Congress. Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/gov/6a.asp.

Geographic Setting Of India History Essay

Geographic Setting Of India History Essay The Indian subcontinent is a large peninsula. It is surrounded on three sides by : the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal. In the north, the Himalayan Mountain separate India from the rest of Asia. The towering Himalayas form a nearly impassable barrier that is 1,500 miles long. The rugged Hindu Kush Mountains on the Northwest also present barriers to travel. These geographic barriers allowed the first Indian civilization to develop mostly on its own. Yet India was not totally isolated. Determined invaders pushed their way through steep passes, such as the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains. Indian traders carried goods through the mountain passes to the Middle East and China. Furthermore, the surrounding seas served as highway for commercial and cultural contact. The vast Indian subcontinent has many diverse geographic features. The three major regions are: the Northern Plain, the Deccan Plateau, and the Coastal Plain. The three great rivers -the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra flows through the Northern Plain. These broad and slow rivers flow from the snow-covered Himalayas. Together with their tributaries, they supply water for farming and for transportation across the Northern Plain. The fertile soil of the river valleys supports extensive farming. For these reasons the Northern Plain became the home of the first Indian civilization .Later ,invaders set up powerful empires in the Northern Plain. As a result ,the area has played a dominant role in Indian history. The Deccan Plateau is the triangular shaped area, south of the subcontinent. The Vindhya Mountains separate the plateau from the Northern Plain. The Deccan Plateau is bordered on the west and east by long mountain ranges called the Western and Eastern Ghats. Because it lacks the snow- fed rivers found in the north, the Deccan Plateau suffer from droughts ,which make farming difficult. Along the eastern and western coasts of India lie narrow coastal plains, which supports both agriculture and fishing .Although India has few good harbors ,many coastal people of India were seafarers who traded with people in other parts of Asia ,Africa and the Middle East. The chief feature of the Indian climate is the monsoon, a seasonal wind system from June until September , the summer monsoon blows from the Southwest. It picks up moisture over the Indian Ocean and drops torrential rains on the coast and on the Northern Plain. From October to May, the winter monsoon blows from lands to the northeast. Indias hot and dry season reaches its peak during May and are commonly felt in the Northern Plains. Ruins of Harappan Civilization Every year , the people of India wait anxiously for the summer monsoon to bring desperately needed moisture to the parched farmland. When the rain comes, temperature drops ,and crops spring to life. If the monsoon is late ,crops fail ,and food shortages result. The heavy rains can cause destructive floods especially in the lower Ganges Valley. Archeologist discovered traces of ancient civilization in the Indus River Valley . Excavations have revealed that this civilization developed about the same time as the early Egyptian and Sumerian Civilizations. The Indus Valley covered an area larger than the Old Kingdom of Egypt (1,500 km.).Two of its cities ,Harappa and Mohenjo-daro lie close to rivers and digging can cause flooding. Despite these handicaps ,archeologists have uncovered some valuable information. The Two Cities The ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal that they are products of careful planning. Wide straight streets divide residential areas into square blocks. Excavated were houses ,granaries and public halls. There was a sign of a sewer system. Walled fortresses in the towns provided protection. With well-planned cities as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the people might have had a knowledge in surveying and geometry. In addition to this, it could have a strong central government who could have supervised such careful planning and construction. Government and Religion Scholars assume that a priest-king headed the government, and the rulers must have a considerable power because the government exercised strict control. They must have controlled the construction of new buildings and established standards of weights and measures. Like the Egyptians and Sumerians, the people of two cities were polytheist. Statues and masks show that they worshiped a mother-goddess. They also revered sacred animals such as the bull and certain sacred trees. Think and Explain What environmental challenges did the farmers of the Indus Valley face? Economic Life Agricultural economy thrived in the Indus valley civilization. On lands surrounding the cities farmers constructed dams and levees to channel water from the rivers to crops of wheat and barley. Food surpluses supported the large population and prompted the growth of trade. A merchant class acquired wealth from trade and commerce in the cities. Merchants exported cotton cloth to places as far as Mesopotamia, gold jewelry stone carvings of animals. End of Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley civilization began to decline many years before it finally ended about 1500 C.E. Most authorities believe that about 1500 C.E. the Aryans invaded the Indus valley. When the Indus Valley fell, the people fled to other parts of India. About 1500 C.E the civilization was almost forgotten. Like many nomadic people ,the Aryans swept into India through the passes of the Hindu Kush Mountains. Their fierce nomadic herds had come originally from the region between the Black and Caspian Seas north of the Caucasus Mountains. The newcomers already knew the use of iron and the use of horses that gave them superiority in warfare. They came in contact with the Dravidians .These Dravidians were probably the survivors of the Indus Valley civilization. Their civilization, as revealed from the remains of the town, show a static society. In time, the fusion of Aryans and the Dravidians led to the rise of a new pattern of Indian life. The Aryans introduced the caste system in India. Aside from Aryan invasion,flooding was also cited as the cause of decay of the Indus Valley civilization.Recent studies also show that complex ecological change /climate change which led to famines forced inhabitants to leave their well planned cities. Think and Respond How could natural disasters have contributed to the decline of Indus valley civilization? What ecological problems does the world face today? Ensure Ancient India Geography Indus Valley Civilization Expand http://palomeitz.googlepages.com Excel Identify the correct answer. The chief feature of Indian climate is _____________________. The first civilization in India was developed in ______________. The mountain separating India from the rest of Asia is ________. The natural phenomenon that makes farming difficult in the Deccan Plateau was ___________. Mountain separating Deccan Plateau from the Northern Plain is ________________. Prove: A country can be isolated from other parts of the world by its geographic barriers.Give example. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Respond to Essential Question The earliest recorded civilization in India began in the near fresh water source -the Indus River. Make Connections Imagine that you are an archeologist digging in the Indus region. Write a wish list of the three items you would like to uncover to learn more about the Indus Valley civilization