Genetically And Genetically Modified Organisms - 1794 Words

A Genetically Modified Culture Genetically modified organisms are crops that have a gene from one organism inserted into the DNA sequence of another organism in order to gain beneficial traits (McWilliams 351). Beneficial traits that may result from the genetic modification of crops include herbicide resistance, insect resistance, or drought tolerance (McWilliams 351). The concept of genetically modifying food is a concept that makes many people skeptical about what is being done to the food that they eat. After careful research, it is evident that there are many potentially harmful aspects of genetically modified organisms. The negative aspects of genetically modified organisms include adverse health effects, their inability to solve world hunger, heavier use of pesticides and herbicides, loss of biodiversity, damage to the small farming business, the fact that the companies that control them have become too powerful, and inadequate labeling practices. A crucial drawback of genetically modified organisms is that they have the potential to cause many adverse health effects in the people who consume them. Research shows that eating food that contains genetically modified organisms can potentially put a person at risk for â€Å"infertility, immune system problems, accelerated aging, disruption of insulin and cholesterol regulation, gastrointestinal issues, and changes in organs† (SMITH). Recently, the American Academy of Emergency Medicine encouraged doctors urge patients toShow MoreRelatedGenetically Organisms : Genetically Modified Organism1528 Words   |  7 PagesA GMO is a genetically modified organism. It is a process of taking â€Å"genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to obtain a desired trait or characteristic, and this is why they are also called transgenic organism† (About GMO). This process is categorized under two names even though they are one in the same, Genetic Engineerin g and Genetic Modification. In order for a scientist to introduce new DNA into an organism, they must go through a series of steps or methods like:Read MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organisms1188 Words   |  5 Pages Genetically engineered crops or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are plants in agriculture and the DNA that has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. The goal of this type of bioengineering is to add new traits to a plant which doesn’t occur naturally in the species. Farmers have adopted the technology. The first genetically made crop was manufactured in 1982 which was an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. In 1986, the first free trials were in Europe and the USA and were madeRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organisms2311 Words   |  10 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms are organisms whose genetic make-up have been changed by mutating, inserting, or deleting genes, by using genetic engineering techniques or biotechnology (Klein, Wolf, Wu Sanford, 1987). The topic of genetically modified organisms became very controversial in today’s world. GMO have been used not only in producing vegetable, but also in medical and biological researches, drug production, and medical treatments. However, the food field generates the biggest controversyRead MoreGenetically : Genetically Modified Organisms1386 Words   |  6 PagesLessliee Echevarria Hollis 6th Senior Project 18 March 2015 Genetically Modified Organisms According to a census done by the United Nations, as of October 31, 2011 the world’s population has reached seven billion people. The earth’s population is estimated to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. Will the earth be able to sustain and feed that many mouths? The planet’s current population is already two to three times higher than the sustainableRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organism998 Words   |  4 PagesGMO or genetically modified organism. Is an organism which has had its genetic makeup altered by removing part of its genetic makeup and inserting a modified gene from another organism or the mutation or deletion of the biome. The biological complexity of life is narrowed down to a single gene and shoot at with foreign substances that change a genetic trait of an animal or plant. The history of altering genetics goes back to a family who had a monopoly on petroleum in the 19th century and becameRead MoreGenetically And Genetica lly Modified Organisms2218 Words   |  9 Pagesown pesticides has achieved world recognition. Although this innovation, known as a GMO (genetically modified organism), has become extremely influential in the produce industry, the unfamiliarity of the potential dangers continues to be overlooked. The use of GMOs within food has provoked a major controversy among people worldwide. There are many cases supporting and opposing the use of GM (genetically modified) foods, however, a well-debated aspect of this dispute is whether a product containingRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organisms998 Words   |  4 PagesGMO’s, or genetically modified organisms, were first brought to my attention in the ninth grade. I did not know that anything such as GMO’s had existed before that, but in my ninth grade biology class we had to watch Food, Inc. and take a health class. I remember being so upset by the poor animal conditions and the lack of labels on foods with genetic modifications. To play my own part in the issue, I started to eat more organic foods and looked for labels that were non-GMO. I also became aRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organisms1447 Words   |  6 Pages or Genetically Modified Organisms. Since its first use in 1973, genetic modification has been applied to almost every crop imaginable. Countless fields of beans, rice, and corn have become subject to genetic modification as more and more farmers begin to realize the benefits of growing â€Å"super† plants. With so little drawbacks and so many advantages, it is easy to see why GMOs are as widespread as they are in today’s society. The concept of selecting the most desirable traits in an organism has beenRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Organisms2188 Words   |  9 Pagessurrounding the use of Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs. There will be explanations of the negative aspects of Genetically Modified Organisms with the described studies to go along with them. The positive Genetically Modified Organisms facts will be mentioned and described to counter weigh the negatives. There will also be a look into the use of hormones in farm animals and the negative outcomes from them and how the use of the hormones usually gets tied in with the Genetically Modified substances. TheRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms779 Words   |  3 PagesINTRO Genetically modified organisms are genetically modified organisms. If you look in the average American cupboard many of the packages found there contain foods that have been genetically modified. Some researchers believe that people need to be more aware of the genetically altering chemicals put in their body. Consumers should be limiting the amount of genetically modified foods in their daily diet. â€Å"In a study in the early 1990s, rats were fed genetically modified (GM) tomatoes. Well actually

Constitution vs Articles of Confed. Essay - 902 Words

REPORT: CONSTITUTION As one of the creators of the new Constitution of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unanimously? Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will need to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling and grammar. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were a written agreement, ratified by the thirteen original states of the United States of America, which laid the guidelines as to how the US government was supposed to†¦show more content†¦Articles of Confederation vs. the US Constitution If you try to compare the Articles with the new Constitution, you realize that the former was full of drawbacks, while the latter had answers to all these drawbacks. The Articles was subjected to severe criticism for the very fact that it centralized all the powers in the hands of state government, and left the national government with no major powers at all. As opposed to the unicameral system which was facilitated by the Articles of Confederation, the US Constitution introduced the bicameral system of governance, which was divided into the upper house and lower house. Yet another difference between the two was pertaining to the number of votes each state had. While the Articles had a provision of one vote for every single state irrespective of its size, the US Constitution had the provision of one vote per representative or senator. Similarly, the new Constitution also made provision for executive and judiciary branches of the government, something which the Articles of Confederation didnt facilitate. When the Articles were the supreme law of the land, the national government required approval from 9 of the total 13 states to pass new laws. This was also changed in the new ConstitutionShow MoreRelatedArticles Of Confederation And The United States Constitution.1820 Words   |  8 PagesArticles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Cheryl Powers Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 405 January, 2017 Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Introduction: The strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation vs. the new Constitution of 1787 Created by Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were the first promising attempts of aligning the 13 colonies of the United States. By 1781 the Articles were finalized and became

Law and Finance Money Launderings Laws/CDD Free Essays

string(84) " to understand their clients, put themselves at risk of significant financial loss\." Executive Summary In the recent times, new and innovative methods of funds transfer through electronic methods across the borders have increased. These have opened new opportunities for money laundering and financing of terrorism. With the recommendations made by the FAFT that the principle of Customer Due Diligence (CDD), conducted by financial institutions, be set out in law, a robust CDD system would be of paramount importance for financial institutions in the UK should FATF’s recommendations be implemented in the UK. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Finance: Money Launderings Laws/CDD or any similar topic only for you Order Now Owing to globalization of businesses, a recommendable CDD team should comprise of human resources specialists, IT experts, law experts, financial experts, representatives in various countries along with functional area managers with a good understanding of various cultures. This would bring about effectiveness and efficiency in the application of CDD measures in the current world with the increased use of New Payment Methods. As such, a firm wishing to provide NPM as one of its services or products should ensure that it has the CDD team in place with various expertise. Introduction Recently, economics has witnessed money laundering alongside the issue of the financing of terrorism, among other issues. In correspondence to this point, the United Kingdom has played a key role in the international fight against money laundering through anti-money laundering (AML) legislation which has been made possible through the impetus of international organizations such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). As recently as February 2012, the FATF recommended that the principle of Customer Due Diligence (CDD), conducted by financial institutions, be set out in law. This was advocated in the recent FATF report â€Å"International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism Proliferation† published in February 2012. The following is a report by the head of AML at a large financial services firm, which advised the company’s board on the ‘perfect model’ for a robust system of CDD in order to ensure compliance should FATFâ €™s recommendations be implemented in the UK. Analysis of the objectives of an effective system of CDD and what it should contain The term ‘robust’, when used in this context, implies that the CDD system in question should possess an ability to effectively perform its function even when its assumptions or variables are misrepresented. The CDD model to be implemented should work effectively, without failure, in a diversity of circumstances and as such, it should not conflict with the law. As such, A perfect CDD system should contain tight and secure quality controls There should be effective policies, processes and procedures in place to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements in the global arena Effective protective mechanisms should be put in place It should be cost effective –maximising on benefits while minimising costs. A perfect CDD system should be risk-sensitive Adoption of procedures such as ‘know-your-customer’, should be adopted within individual Jurisdictions Guidelines for the resolution of issues should be put in place should information made be inaccurate or insufficient. It should be strict and as such in compliance with the legislative laws It should be technologically competent given that the market is currently dominated by New Payment Methods which needs one to be technologically savvy Contents of a Robust CDD System A robust CDD system that can work in the current market described by high competition from the globe, Should contain human resources specialists with a strategic view of the particular organization since there is much competition from the international market. There should also be functional area managers in possession of technical expertise and the ability to think strategically (Rosenbloom 2002). Should contain experts with good knowledge of the national culture since the current market structure is globally inclined (Rosenbloom 2002). The institution in question should ensure that there is the inclusion of representatives from various parts of the world in the CDD team. These can help in the identification of data sources and as such help in the verification of the authenticity of various identities (Rosenbloom 2002). The CDD team should comprise of a group of experts in the law with a good knowledge of law in various parts of the world According to Steiner Marini (2008, p.14), the objective of CDD should enable the AML of a financial institution to predict with confidence the type of transactions that a customer is likely to hold. This cannot be achieved without tight and secure quality controls in place. Conceptually, CDD procedures begin by verifying the identity of the customer along with an assessment of the risks that may be associated with that particular customer. Enhanced CDD for high risk customers is highly recommended together with continuous due diligence of the customer base (Financial Action Task Force 2006). An effective CDD system should comprise of effective policies, processes and procedures to ensure compliance of the financial institution with the regulatory requirements that would allow the institution to report any activity deemed suspicious (Steiner Marini 2008, p.14). Furthermore, a robust system of CDD should be implemented with effective protection mechanisms equally directed to both the institution and its customers, considering, Data Protection Act provisions as well as the privacy rights of the customer. An effective CDD system should be cost effective and as such, it should deliver benefits to the institutions while respecting banking practices in the case of a banking institution (Mills 2011) It is important to bring out the point that CDD systems are meant to protect banks and other financial institutions from reputational, operational, legal and application risks among others, as these would result in large financial costs (Booth et al. 2011, p.218). They are also made to ensure that financial institutions have sufficient knowledge of their clients and as such, this is meant to ensure that banks and other financial institutions do not accept customers who are outside their normalized risk tolerance or in other words, clients engaging in any unlawful business. Knowledge of a client’s involvement in money laundering or terrorist financing is important as banks and other financial institutions, who fail to understand their clients, put themselves at risk of significant financial loss. You read "Law and Finance: Money Launderings Laws/CDD" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, effective CDD systems should make it difficult for clients to disguise ownership of accounts within banks. As such, adoption of procedures such as ‘know-your-customer’, should be adopted within individual jurisdictions, as this forms part of effective CDD programs or systems (Booth et al. 2011).. An effective CDD system seeks to ensure clear statements of the general expectations and specific responsibilities of staff. Thus, the management should allocate duties clearly with regards to who is responsible for reviewing or approving any changes to established risk ratings or to the profile of customers. As such, the AML of financial institutions should ensure sufficient customer information, since this is significant for the implementation of an effective system for monitoring suspicious activities (Schott, World Bank International Monetary Fund 2006). Insufficient customer information may make it hard for an AML to detect money laundering therefore, CDD system effectiveness can be achieved by incorporation of guidelines for the resolution of issues should the information obtained be inaccurate or insufficient (Mills 2011). In addition, current customer information maintenance is important if a CDD system is to be termed as effective. Notably, CDD should begin by identifying the customer along with the verification of their identity by use of independent source documents, information and data. At the same time, AML should ensure that the provisions of the Data Protection Act are complied with (Hopton, 2009 p.42). The due diligence process should be carried out on a risk sensitive basis (Steiner Marini, 2008). Besides, the measures taken should ensure consistency with the competent authorities along with enhanced due diligence applied to higher risk categories of customers. Simplified measures should be applied to lower risk customers. Strict compliance with the legislative laws should be observed (Booth et al. 2011). Accordingly, a high degree of transparency should be applied in the various transactions and as such, CDD should be applied in the preliminary stages of the establishment of a business relationship or in cases of excess cash transaction preparation (SchottWorld Bank International Monetary Fund 2006, p.44). Discussion of the risks, should there be gaps in the CDD processes Following the globalization of businesses, global financial systems operate with clients from all over the world. In this context, it is important to note that if CDD measures are not appropriately applied, then, this gives an opportunity for various losses. As such, failure to conduct CDD can lead to a reputational risk which translates to adverse publicity as far as the practices of the business are concerned. Inaccurate application of CDD measures may in this case lead to a loss of public confidence and as a result, may jeopardise the integrity of the institution. Subsequently, borrowers, investors, depositors and other stakeholders may cease business with that institution should scandals arise (Booth et al. 2011). Apart from the reputational risk, failure to conduct a careful CDD may lead to an operational risk. An operational risk refers to the loss incurred as a result of failed or inadequate processes, systems, external events and people involved. In addition, there is also a legal risk when one fails to carry out a full CDD measures (i.e. when one happens to leave gaps in the required processes). In particular, a legal risk has to do with the potential for law suits once involved in a money laundering case. Again, it may result in sanctions, unenforceable contracts, penalties and fines which may translate to significant financial costs (Steiner Marini 2008). Furthermore, the institution’s licences may be revoked and this may lead to the closure of the institution and as such, may be expensive for the institution since the losses involved may be costly (Fagan Munck 2009). Likewise, there is also the risk of concentration associated with the losses emerging from excess credit or loan disclosure to one borrower. Therefore, a lack of knowledge of the customer and the customer relations with the other borrowers may place a bank and any other financial institution at risk (Marks et al. 2012). This may also be a concern when there are related counter-parties, common income sources, connected buyers or assets for repayment. A robust CDD will need to apply KYC (Know Your Customer) which entails the identification of the customer through their national identification card, location, address and other related documents (Demetis 2010, p.64). This should be incorporated together with the KYCB (Know Your Customer’s Business) and as such, this is achieved by means of transaction profile, nature and type of business along with the sources of funds (Knight,International Monetary Fund Monetary and Exchange Affairs Dept 1998). Furthermore, the CDD should further apply KYT (Know Your Customer’s Transactions) which enables the management to know the customer’s transactions through a continuous and careful monitoring of transactions. In addition, a CDD system will work well through the application of KYE (Know Your Employees) which is meant to examine the institution’s employees by carrying out background checks along with a continuous monitoring of the systems for trustworthiness and loyalty to the institution (Alldridge 2003). Moreover, there should be continuous monitoring of customers in order to establish whether there are customer behaviour changes over time and in this case, transactions and other related activities should be monitored (Demetis 2010). It is imperative to note that a professionals within the financial sector can be sued for failing to perform due diligence. This is due to the fact that the institution has the obligation to conduct CDD and thus should be able to prove to any third party that every effort was made to ensure CDD (Tabb 2004) Similarly, if CDD were to fail, in such a case it would be advisable for the AML to close the account of that particular customer and as such to decline establishing a business relationship while ensuring that a suspicious transaction report is made. Money Laundering and the Law The approach of the FATF in recommending that the implementation of CDD measures should be set out in law is viable and realistic in terms of the practical application of such legislative changes. This is due to the fact that setting the CDD measures in law will ensure that legal action can be taken to deal with cases where the CDD measures have not been applied appropriately. Again, setting CDD measures out in law will improve the effectiveness of CDD measures carried out on various customers. Taking the example of the first CDD measure recommended to be set out in law, will ensure that the names of the customers are known, the location, country of origin, web data sources verified and as such customer contacts taken into consideration (Demetis 2010, p.64). In this respect, it will be mandatory for financial institutions to ensure that they only deal with customers with whom they are familiar. As a result, this will translate into effectiveness in the control of money laundering. In fact, this will ensure that all customers provide their details since it would be a requirement of the law along with the fact that this will also be incorporated in institutional policies and procedures. Therefore, before signing into any business relationship, customers and the institution in question will be governed by law, and failure to comply with this will lead both the customer and the institution in question to be held responsible. In reference to the second CDD measure to be set out in law, it is vital and realistic in the sense that the beneficial owner identity information will be disclosed, and any failure to comply would call for legal action to be taken against the customer. In this sense, it will not be difficult for banking and other financial institutions to get such information as it will be set out in law. Again, the institutions will avoid conflicting with the law as they will have to comply with the CDD measures. As far as the third CDD measure recommended by the FATF to be set in law is concerned, it is worth noting that obtaining information concerning the purpose and the intended nature of the relationship of the business will be a requirement of the law. As such, it will be required by the customer to avail such information as a requirement of the law rather than of the bank. This will make the work of the banking institutions and other related institutions much easier. Furthermore, the institutions will be forced to comply with the requirement of the law to implement the CDD measures. On the other hand, the fourth CDD measure recommended by FATF to be set out in law requires conducting a continuous monitoring of CDD on the relationship of the business while scrutinizing the transactions undertaken in the course of the relationship. Such monitoring ensures consistency in terms of the business and risk profile together with the source of funds. Once these are set out in law, it may be vital but not realistic in the practical applications in the sense that the privacy of the customers along with the institutional processes may be compromised (Evanoff, 2009). Subsequent to setting the financial principle that financial institutions should conduct, CDD should be set out in law with an aim that this will force institutions to comply; otherwise legal action would be taken. Again, such a step would translate to high levels of compliance by the institutions in question and as a consequence, effectiveness of anti-money laundering will be realized. NPMs and the Law The FATF recommendations requiring financial institutions to conduct CDD are viable and realistic, except for the fact that new payment methods (NPM) mean the law may need to more fully consider new technology. Notably, with an institution intending to make use of NPMs, money laundering may be inevitable. NPMs are well known for their vulnerability to money laundering and terrorist financing. Use of ATMs, prepaid cards, mobile and internet banking has presented a great opportunity for money launderers. However, there are some countermeasures that can prove viable. For instance, one countermeasure may be the implementation of a robust identification and verification procedures (FATF Report 2010). Such countermeasures may place limits on the transaction amounts and frequency,and include strict systems of monitoring of these aspects. In fact, not all NPMs are subject to law in all authority and as such, they take in the use of internet and mobile payment. Most NPM providers offer their products or services through both internet and mobile interfaces (i.e. virtual) and the FATF recommendations do not specify the specific risks involved and as such, NPM providers may not apply the CDD measures (FATF Report 2010). In this case, the practical application of such legislative changes as recently recommended by FAFT may not yield fruits especially with the use of NPMs. In spite of the challenges associated with the use of NPMs, it is important to note that the electronic records produced in this case can help with law enforcement (Marks et al. 2012). Importantly, a firm seeking to provide NPM as part of their service should consider the fact that there are three typologies depending on which one chooses to use. Here, the typology has to do with the third party funding whereby cards can be funded through the bank, cash and person to person transfers (FATF Report 2010, p.36). In addition, there is a second typology which includes the exploitation of a virtual nature (face-to-face) of NPM accounts (FATF Report 2010, p.40). This typology has the highest potential to facilitate criminals in money laundering. On the other hand, if the firm chooses the third typology (complicit NPM providers or their employees) there is also a high risk, as portrayed in findings made by the IPS where prepaid car providers were controlled by criminals and as such were promoting cases of laundering (FATF Report 2010, p.33). From this perspective, where the regulation of NPM service providers are prepared, law enforcement agencies, supervisors, and legislators amongst others, are faced with various challenges. Simplified due diligence, digital currency, and suspicious transaction reporting in cross border cases, and law enforcement against foreign providers with identification of secondary card holders for instance, can go some way to counteract this (Financial Action Task Force 2006),. Therefore, FAFT’s recommendation that financial institutions should conduct CDD, is viable and realistic, except in cases relating to new payment methods (NPM) where its recommendations may have more limited impact. Conclusion Following the recent recommendation by FAFT to set the CDD measures out in law, a robust CDD system that would work effectively in this context should contain a team of experts. Specifically, it should contain human resources specialists, functional area managers with cultural understanding of various parts of the world due to globalization,, representatives from various parts of the globe to ensure authenticity of data sources along with a team of information technology experts. This would facilitate the use of New Payment Methods common in the current market and as such, the team of law experts would make this happen in compliance with law in various states of the globe. References Alldridge, P 2003 Money Laundering Law: Forfeiture, Confiscation, Civil Recovery, Criminal Laundering and Taxation of the Proceeds of Crime, Hart Publishing, Portland Oregon. Booth et al. 2011, Money Laundering Law and Regulation: A Practical Guide, Oxford University Press, New York. Demetis, DS 2010, Technology and Anti-Money Laundering: A Systems Theory and Risk-Based Approach, Edward Elgar Publishing, Massachusetts. Evanoff, DD 2009, Globalization And Systemic Risk, World Scientific, New Jersey Fagan, GH Munck, R 2009, Globalization and Security: Social and cultural aspects. Introduction to volume 2, ABC-CLIO, Carlifornia FATF Report 2010, Money Laundering Using New Payment Methods, Retrieved on 20th April, 2012 from http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/4/56/46705859.pdf. Financial Action Task Force 2006, Report on new payment methods, Retrieved on 24th April, 2012 from http://www.fatfgafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Report%20on%20New%20Payment%20Methods.pdf. Hopton, D 2009, Money Laundering: A Concise Guide for All Business, Gower Publishing, Ltd. Burlington. Knight, MD International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Exchange Affairs Dept 1998, Developing Countries and the Globalization of Financial Markets, Issues 98-105, International Monetary Fund. Marks et al. 2012, Middle Market M a: Handbook for Investment Banking and Business Consulting, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey Mills, A 2011, Essential Strategies for Financial Services Compliance, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Rosenbloom, AH 2002, Due Diligence for Global Deal Making: The Definitive Guide to Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions, Joint Ventures, Financings, and Strategic Alliances, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Schott, PA, World Bank International Monetary Fund 2006, Reference Guide to Anti-Money Laundering And Combating the Financing of Terrorism, World Bank Publications. Steiner, H Marini, SL 2008, Independent Review for Banks – The Complete BSA/AML Audit Workbook, Lulu.com, North Carolina. Tabb, WK 2004 Economic Governance in the Age of Globalization, Columbia University Press, New York. How to cite Law and Finance: Money Launderings Laws/CDD, Essay examples

Alternative Dispute Resolution System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Alternative Dispute Resolution System. Answer: Introduction: In any organisation, it is important that the management comprehends and foresee the risks that are associated with the business carried out by the organisation. In general, risks imply loss and if an organisation were capable of turning the loss into a chance, it would be able to avert or diminish such risks completely (Glendon, Clarke and McKenna 2016). In order to diminish or avoid the risks that are associated with any business, it is imperative that the organisation adopts a risk management process. Risk management process requires that while carrying out the business, the management must consider and cautiously assess the situations and the scenarios that may and/or is likely to occur in the future. The risk management process of any organisation enables the management to recognise the risks associated with the nature of business operations carried out by the organisation and provides opportunity to reduce or evade the negative impact of such risks upon the organisation. In the given scenario, in order to enable the business to run smoothly during the project, the entire work has been divided into pre-construction stage and construction stage. The scope of the project during the pre-construction stage includes setting up works related to documentation that include grants and endorsements; scheduling and planning number of exercises. The scope further includes protecting any work related to pounding and digging and a guarantee of employing experienced staffs. During the construction stage, the scope of the project includes extension of the existing building for upgrading the same; to develop the building in a sheltered way and build the structure according to the plan. The scope further includes that the development of the building must be completed within stipulated time and the development is executed under safe condition as per the planned contract. As mentioned earlier, risk management is an essential element in any organisation and identification of risk is considered one of the most crucial procedures in risk management. In the event, the management of the organisation is unable to recognise the risks associated with the business, it would not be easy for the organisation to mitigate or evade such risks. The identification or recognition of business risks is fundamental, as unidentified risks cannot be treated in a rational manner (McGregor and Smit 2017). The construction industry includes various sources of risks such as availability, quality and expenses of the labour, subcontractors; construction delay, cash flow condition of the contractors and external influences. The construction industry includes certain inherent risks, which may arise owing to the unforeseeable nature of the industry. In the given case, the inherent risks that are likely to arise from both the pre-construction and the construction phase of the project are relatrred to the enumerated factors: Workers Engineering Statutory legislations Construction or development plan Development schedule Business operations Workers- the contractor is responsible to deal with or avoid any form of risks that may likely arise with respect to the workers engaged in the development project. The contractor is under statutory obligation to employ such workers who have adequate skills and suffuicient experience in the nature of work for which they have been employed in the construction project. The contractor must ensure that there is an effective collective bargaining between the workers and the contractors relating to their wage and the nature of work that is expected of them to do (Grey 2014). An ineffective collective bargaining may give rise to ethical issues as the workers may declare strikes or stoppage of work and cause unnecessary disruption (Sadgrove 2016). The workers may stop working owing to their discontentment regarding the progress of the project. If the workers are contented with the wage rate and the nature of work, they may cause disruption. Hence, the contractors are best able to handle such a situation and so the contractor must deal with such issues wisely and cautiously. Engineering- the engineer and the architect are responsible to prepare an effective development plan based on which the construction project is carried out. The developer of the construction project must exercise reasonable standard of care while working on the project. The must be cautious about any flaw in the construction plan and in the event any such shortcoming is detected, it is expected from the engineers and the architects to analyse the defect and deal with it effectively by exhibiting their skill and diligence (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015). The inherent risk associated with this factor that there is a probability that the engineers and the architects may get involved in some malpractices and cause damage or loss to the construction project on the ground that they are entitled to relatively petite share of a project with an unlimited liability. Therefore, the owner of the project must ensure that the participants of the construction project are financially protected and may prepare some mutual indemnification for the participants. Statutory legislation- the construction project is regulated by the following relevant legislations: Building Act 1993; Competition and Consumer Act 2010; Corporation Act 2000; Planning and Environmental Act 1987; Building and construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002; Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998; Information Act 2000 and Goods and Service Tax Act 1999 The risks that are associated with the pre-construction and the construction stage of the project phase may be related to the inconsistency with the statutes that regulates the project. The engineer is responsible to ensure that the development project is being carried out in accordance to the relevant legislations. Construction or development plan- the contractor is accountable for any risks that are connected with the development plan. The contractor is best able to deal with the risks that may likely arise out of the construction plan structured by the engineer and the architect. The decisions with respect to the methods of implementing the construction plan are left to the contractor of the construction plan (Ball 2014). Therefore, before engaging the contractor with tye development plan, the management must ensure to distinguish between the risks that are possible for the contractor to handle and those risks, which are beyond the control of the contractors. Development schedule- the scope of the project at the construction stage includes that the project must be completed within stipulated time. The participants of the construction project are statutorily obligated to complete the project within the stipulated schedule. The contractor must ensure that the work is completed as per the schedule and the project is handled in a cost-effective manner. The inherent risks related to the construction projects shall result in purchasing of poor quality products and the architects and engineers will have to rush into the construction, which might give rise to deficiency in the construction project. Therefore a reasonable and an adequate schedule must be framed in order to complete the project appropriately. Business Operations- the nature of the construction industry is very complex and it easily becomes subject to unnecessary disputes. The inherent risks included in the business operations may take place from the very inception of the construction project. The site of the project may be different from the site that was imagined. It is highly imperative that the management identifies the risk and deal with the same effectively in order to enable the participants to complete the construction in accordance with the construction plan and within stipulated time (Taroun 2014). In addition to the above-mentioned inherent risks, the construction industry is prone to another vital risk that is, issues related to safety and health environment in the workplace. The contractors, being accountable for the workers engaged in the construction work, must ensure that the workers are aware of the safety rules and are acting in compliance of the safety rules applicable in the workplace. Dispute Resolution Since the nature of the construction industry is fragment and complicated, in case of disputes arising from the project, the parties to the dispute may resort to litigation. However, it is a well-known fact that litigation process is not only time consuming but it also involves huge amount of expenses (Fiadjoe 2013). Consequently, a number of dispute resolution processes have been introduced in the construction industry to relive the parties to the dispute from the lengthy and expensive court proceedings. The different forms of alternative dispute resolution processes include mediation, arbitration, expert determination and conciliation. Mediation is the process where a third party shall be appointed who would address the issues between the parties to the dispute and act as a mediator to resolve the dispute. However, either parties to the dispute may or may not agree with the mediators decision. In this case, the expert determination process may be used as a dispute resolution process to address the issues and resolve the same. This process may used to deal with the inherent risks that may arise during the pre construction and the construction stage (Menkel 2015). The expert determination process is usually used to resolve issues that are related to valuation. In th even of any dispute arising out of valuation with respect to the construction, the expert may determine the same and the decision of the expert shall be binding upon the parties to the dispute. However, this dispute process is economic but the decision of eth expert cannot be enforced without further court proceedings. In the given context, I would prefer the arbitration process of dispute resolution. Arbitration is the process where the parties to the dispute may consensually appoint an arbitrator to resolve the dispute (Pryor 2016). The parties are at liberty to select an arbitrator who is not only qualified but also adequately experienced in the field of arbitration. The arbitrator shall resolve the issues based on the legal principles and material facts of the matter in dipute. Further, this process in economic and less time consuming, thus it would enable to resolve the issues more quickly as compared to the litigation process. Further, the decision of the arbitrator shall be unbiased and impartial by nature, which implies that issues shall be dealt with on fair terms. Furthermore, the decision of the arbitrator shall be binding and enforceable at law and it ensures legal compliance with the statutes as the decision is based on the relevant legal principles. Reference List Ball, M., 2014.Rebuilding Construction (Routledge Revivals): Economic Change in the British Construction Industry. Routledge. Fiadjoe, A., 2013.Alternative dispute resolution: a developing world perspective. Routledge. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016.Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Grey, S., 2014. Risk management deficiencies in the engineering sector (1048). InMastering Complex Projects Conference 2014(p. 473). Engineers Australia. McGregor, A. and Smit, J., 2017. Risk management: Human rights due diligence in corporate global supply chains.Governance Directions,69(1), p.16. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Menkel-Meadow, C., 2015. Mediation, arbitration, and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Pryor, W., 2016. Alternative Dispute Resolution.SMU L. Rev.,2, pp.3-517. Resolution, A.D., Making, A.D., Policy, C., Cooperation, C., Infrastructure, I.P., Platforms, M.S., Treaties, W.A., Magazine, W.I.P.O., by Unit, A., Reporting, F. and des Colombettes, C., 2013. Alternative dispute resolution. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Spencer, D. and Hardy, S., 2014.Dispute Resolution in Australia: cases, commentary and materials. Thomson Reuters. Taroun, A., 2014. Towards a better modelling and assessment of construction risk: Insights from a literature review.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.101-115.