Personal Narrative - To Leave or To Stay Essay - 1552 Words

To Leave or To Stay Have you ever felt lost? Have you ever felt scared of the future not knowing what to expect and what to do? If you have then you have experienced a crisis that you had to resolve in order to continue your life normally. Sometimes it is really hard to know what is best and to realize what have to be done, and the younger you are the harder it is. No matter what you think though, the only way to solve your problem is to sit down and think about it and come up with all the positive sides and all the negative sides of the situation, and then decide what you should do. I was 16 years old when I faced my biggest crisis. I did not know what to do; I even refused to think about it. I thought everything was going to†¦show more content†¦I was still afraid to face the crisis and resolve it. My problem at that time was to leave or not to leave. There were more questions to ask. I was sitting in my room, on my bed underneath my warm and pretty orange covers, looking at the river that passed right by my house. There were little birds flying outside and singing. I could easily hear the river going down, washing the rocks and taking leaves and branches along the way. What would it feel like waking up every day and not seeing this beautiful sight before my eyes? I thought I was not ready to give it up. I started thinking about the significant things and people in my life. There were my parents and my brother on one hand, and there were my friends and the other relatives on the other hand. I thought that even if I do not come to the United States my p arents could come to see me during their vacations or I could come visit them during mine. I couldn’t imagine my life so far away in a country that I have never visited before. What if I do not like it? What if I want to go back but I cannot? It was going to be harder to learn to live in a different way and get used to unlike traditions and new people and even a different language, than just keep living and doing as I have in the past. I thought that the best for me would be to stay home and not change anything. I liked my house; I liked my school; I liked my life; I liked it. I thought I wasn’t ready to give it upShow MoreRelatedThe Love of a Woman in Paulo Coelho’s Novel The Alchemist Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesIn Paulo Coelho’s novel The Alchemist the story of the shepherd boy Santiago and his journey to fulfill his Personal Legend unfolds from beginning to end. On his journey Santiago meets several significant male characters that play very impor tant roles in the development of his character, his journey, and his story. There are only a few female characters in The Alchemist, as men dominate the story; however, one of these female characters also plays a very significant role in Santiago’s story. SantiagoRead MorePersonal Essay On The Light In The Forest743 Words   |  3 Pagestimes. In The Light in the Forest, Mary Jemison’s personal narrative, and from my personal experience, there are many situations when your family never leaves your side, stands up for you, and believes in you! In The Light in the Forest, True Son’s Indian family never leaves his side. When True Son comes back from the village, he still shows his love towards his family and runs away from his birth family to be with them. True Son doesn’t want to leave them. â€Å"True Son looked at [his younger sister]Read MoreSelf Discovery In Anita Nairs Ladiesbor1330 Words   |  6 Pagesexplore the theme of self discovery through the act of journey in Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe. Travel narratives are broad genres which illuminate mainly on people, place and culture. Journeys form the focal point of every travel narrative. In literature, the motif of journey is used as a distinctive idea or theme and is used to represent a character’s epiphany or self realization. It provides a personal assertion outside the compressed state of one’s life. Journey is seen as a means of confrontationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfoundation to build on , wouldn’t it be hard having a strong sense of self? Family is where an individual’s beliefs and understandings about life come from. Dee from the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice walker, leaves her past behind to make something out of herself. Maggie, her younger sister, stays at home with her family and makes the most of her life staying put where she’s been her entire life. Dee decided to change her name to make herself her own person. Maggie does the complete opposite of DeeRead MoreThe Development of Identity1419 Words   |  6 Pagessenses, one of which is â€Å"personal† and the other â€Å"social† (Schà ¶pflin). In the first aspect of identity, an individual’s identity is some distinctive trait, or a fixed category, that that person views as socially significant but more-or-less unchangeable. In other words, an identity is given to you. One of the key principles of developmental psychology, applicable to personal identity change, is continuity and discontinuity. In simple terms, this discusses what changes and what stays the same within anRead Moreâ€Å"One Out of Many† by V.S. Naipaul1552 Words   |  7 Pagesstory which concerns a young Indian man from Bombay who starts a new life and struggles with his own personal identity in the city of Washington D.C. Through narrative structure within the short story Naipaul seems to question the meaning of freedom, and what constitutes freedom on both a societal, and personal level. In order to fully explore the theme of freedom within the plot and the narrative of â€Å"One Out of Many†, it is worthwhile to mention a few of its key elements, and how they fit into aRead MoreNarrative Therapy Offers a Rewrite of a Persons Life1797 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Often times, people live through painful events in their life that can alter their perception of themselves, their family, and the world. Narrative therapy offers the client the opportunity to re-write their story and gain a different perspective of specific events. It is important to understand that within the history of narrative therapy, therapists view client’s stories through a political lens. Often times, focusing on the oppression and cultural dominance that exists within theRead MoreEssay Going Beyond the Pale with William Trevor1046 Words   |  5 Pagesvictory: what should have been a successful indictment of British Colonial Rule in Ireland becomes nothing more than the grumbling of an intelligent writer who cannot negotiate his patriotic feelings. The story is presented as a first-person narrative by one of four English holidaymakers who regularly visit a small hotel, Glencorn Lodge, in County Antrim (see the Map of Ireland). All the details the narrator, Milly, supplies the reader with in the introductory paragraphs indicates a lack of IrishnessRead MoreEssay On Sabbatical Leave787 Words   |  4 PagesI am in writing to apply for a sabbatical leave in an academic year of 18 ~ 19. Twelve years have passed incredibly quickly since starting to teach in the Department of Furniture Design at Rhode Island School of Design. What a rewarding and learning experience. Through the early years of teaching experience, it became clear that I am a type of an artist that requires centralization on one thing, at a time, either devoting to students and its surrounding community or studio practice of my ownRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An American Slave873 Words   |  4 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An American Slave, is a save narrative written by Fredrick Douglass himself. The narrative comprises of eleven chapters that give an account of Douglass’ life as a slave, and his quest to get education and become free from the slavery institution. In this narrative, Douglass struggles to free himself from the mentally, physically, and emotional torture of slavery, and the slavery itself. Douglass was taken away from his parents at a tender age and

Swot Analysis A Swot Essay - 1476 Words

Introduction A SWOT analysis is an analysis based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a company. SWOT analysis is the first phase in gathering information for strategic planning (Wheelen, Hunger, Hoffman, Bamford, 2015). A SWOT analysis plays a significant role in strategic planning because it is the discovery phase of what the company needs to succeed. It is a tool used to examine a company’s state of health and improve on its opportunities. It gives a detailed understanding on areas that need attention as well as areas that are striving. It also gives companies a clear view of the advantages and disadvantages they have over their competitors. A SWOT analysis was created for The Home Depot to get a better understanding of the company and its strategic planning. Company Background The Home Depot has come a long way since they were founded in 1978 by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank. The Home Depot has become the largest home improvement retailer in the world with 2,269 stores in the Unites states, Canada and Mexico. As of 2015 the company’s revenue was 83.2 billion dollars (Home Depot SWOT Analysis, 2016). The company sells an assortment of home improvement products including flooring, electrical, paint, building materials, garden, plumbing and hardware. Their success has been built on eight principles they call the Home Depot Values. The values include creating shareholder value, entrepreneurial spirit, taking care of our people, respect for allShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Swot And Swot Analysis738 Words   |  3 Pagesknown as SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is business analysis method that business can use for each of its department when deciding on the most perfect way to increase their business and future growth. This procedure identifies the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are in the markets. SWOT analysis helps you decide your position against your competitors, identifies best future opportunities, and highlight current and future threats. SWOT analysis is an acronymRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot1223 Words   |  5 PagesOnStar – SWOT Analysis To help OnStar determine if home monitoring services should be added to its list of products and services, a SWOT analysis should be completed. A SWOT analysis is a situation analysis or tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (SWOT Analysis Definition | Investopedia, 2005). Thus, it is a basic straightforward model that determines what an organization, like OnStar, can and cannot do, as well as determines its opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot2320 Words   |  10 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis, which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selectedRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot911 Words   |  4 Pages SWOT Analysis In the article â€Å"SWOT analysis† Harmon (2015) offered a definition for SWOT analysis, the purpose of the SWOT analysis, the advantages of performing a SWOT analysis, and outlined and discussed the four components of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a planning and brainstorming tool that helps people evaluate an idea or project for a business or formulate a business plan (Harmon, 2015). It should be noted that SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, we‘ll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we don’t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1371 Words   |  6 Pages SWOT analysis is valuable in understanding and revising the position of the company before decisions are made about company direction or the application of a new business idea. PEST is a tool to assess external factors. It is useful to complete a PEST analysis before a SWOT, although it may be more useful to complete a PEST analysis during, or after, a SWOT. SWOT and PEST are vital in determining the success of a business. SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis in which internal strengthsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1957 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selected marketsRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words   |  7 Pages A SWOT analysis is â€Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.†(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a person’s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot852 Words   |  4 PagesStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, commonly known as a SWOT analysis is used by businesses. Organizations use the SWOT analysis technique to figure out and understand their areas of strong suits (strengths), their inevitable flaws (weaknesses), prospects that the organization could look into (opportunities) and things that pose as intimidations to the organization (threats). There are many obstacles to overcome when it comes to international expansion. Obstacles such as; language andRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe SWOT analysis, a strategic planning tool was developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Albert is said to have come up with this strategic planning tool through the use of data the Fortune 500 companies in the United States of America at that time (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). A SWOT analysis determine s the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are a relevant part of any organization especially the ones that get involved in new ventures. This tool assists the users

Social Networking & Enterprise Social Media and Marketing

Question: Discuss about theSocial Networking Enterprisefor Social Media and Marketing. Answer: Introduction Building of the personal brand for an individual provides an opportunity to brand itself in front of the external peers as well as the audiences concerned. Social media can be effectively used for the personal branding by categorizing people on the basis of gender, age and several other factors. There has been a major transformation throughout the use of social media tools for personal branding, the use of the head-hunters and the different hiring agencies have become more social oriented. The facts resides that the development and use of social media tools will provide no importance to the online resumes for future employment, as the recruiters can get the relevant information about the candidates with the help of the social media (Belk, Askegaard, Scott, 2012). Earlier the way of communication between entrepreneurs, customers, was very typical, because of the use of telephone, every time leads to wastage of money and time, which is the most crucial matter in every business or orga nization (Cheng Choi, 2010). This research paper will evaluate the facts related to the effective use of social media platforms in the development of the brand image of an entrepreneur. It has become more important to use social media because the transformations can be seen throughout the entrepreneur industry reflecting transparency and behavioral concerns. The use of the social media platforms such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube plays a crucial role in the career development of the desired entrepreneur and establishes his or her brand image to a wide area of the market segments. Summary of Social Media Users It is evident for entrepreneurs to recognize the effective use of social media in the development of their own personal brand image (Evans, 2016). Social media tools have been used most significantly by many of the well known firms throughout the different parts of the world. There are companies like Amazon, McDonald Corporation and many others who have successfully used the different social media tools for the development of their business processes. The data collected from the different market segments reveals that more than 70% of the applications are rejected because of the irrelevant information collected regarding them from the various internet sources. In the development of the personal branding, there are three of the most important things which need to be considered (Girard and Girard, 2011). These are figuring out the space for advertising through the use of social media, establishment of own personal presence and generation of the entire content which needs to be advertise d. Next is the selection of the suitable content for the evaluation of the personal brand image. The use of the social media tools is basically for establishing the brand image of the concerned person and the social media tools has projected that in future there will be no importance to the online resumes for the hiring process. There are different social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn which accounts for a large number of the people and helps an entrepreneur to get connected with a large number of the audiences for its personal branding. It needs to be understood that the development of the footprint of the respective entrepreneurs with the stakeholders as well as the investors throughout the internet takes time. There are three important reasons for the use of social media by the concerned entrepreneurs (Ottman, 2011). These are use of the low-cost platforms for the development of the own personal brand. Secondly, the social media platforms allow the entrepreneurs to get in touch with the employees, peers, customers and the younger generations by effective use of the communication technology. The social media helps in targeting particular market segments for the purpose of promotion and advertisements and therefore it provides the desired platform for the respective entrepreneurs to get connected with the potential stakeholders and the investors effectively.The different facts reveal that there are more than 84% of the people who prefers the collection of the personal online data whereas there are 89% of the people who prefers the collection of the professional online data. The different steps for the personal branding of an entrepreneur consist of five of the crucial processes. First is to Understanding the different aspects of branding and the effective use of the social media platforms. Being authentic regarding the development of the image is of immense significance for an entrepreneur (Scott, 2010). There are some of the reasons for the effective use of the social media for personal branding such as the low cost and the lack of the requirement from the different professionals. The next is the speaking engagements with the different people on the daily basis as this helps in creating a positive impact on the people. The third point is the writing of the thought articles and participation in the different interviews conducted online (Perrey, Spillecke and Armstrong, 2011). The fourth step is the building and the development of the online presence of the concerned entrepreneur. The fifth ste p is one of the most crucial as it helps in remaining the primary student of the concerned industry. Most importantly, it has been seen that use of the social media websites does not brings out negative results for an individual and therefore, the personal branding of the respected person will help in creating a desired impact to the audiences concerned. Uploading of the images, pictures, and videos of the entrepreneurs helps in creating the desired impact on the entire audiences. Communication is an essential part of peoples everyday life and their needs, especially for the professional people. It can be for the purpose of business, or education, or marketing, entertainment, or sometimes chatting. Earlier it was somehow difficult in communication with people in according to ones convenient timings, and requirements (Fontinelle, 2013). Nowadays, it is a common phase for every entrepreneur, of having individual websites to make few process of business easier, like having payment gateway system on their websites, so that, customers, can pay online when necessary or required. If an ent repreneur has their own website, they can enhance their respective careers by getting connected with a large number of the social media users ("What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT", 2016). The different tools need to be utilized for the promotion of the personal branding of the entrepreneurs as it helps them in succeeding heir business. Some of the Social Media sites and their uses for the entrepreneurs have been discussed below:- Facebook There are several benefits of using facebook, such as it has increased the exposure to its potential customers, lowers down the marketing expenses of the concerned entrepreneurs, helps in the development of brand loyalty and helps in the evaluation of the personal branding for the people concerned. Some of the successful entrepreneurs are Tony Hsieh, Travis Kalanick and marie Forleo.Facebook has been utilized by a large number of the people throughout the world for different purposes such as for personal branding, advertisements along with the effective promotions and communication with people across the different parts of the world. It is the most famous social sites used by a large number of users throughout the different parts of the world. One particular person has to register on Facebook, and then the individual can chat, upload image, videos, etc. Learning of this digital network is of immense importance as it attracts many people towards the particular business concern (Rohm, 2014). Entrepreneurs are often utilizing Facebook for their personal branding and business purpose i.e. of marketing, advertising, and enhancing their business globally ("Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice", 2012). Most of the people use Facebook. One individual can search and reach their family, friends, talk or chat. It has made easy for the world to find a person, but only if the other one is also on facebook. LinkedIn The primary aim for using LinkedIn is to create a desired range of networks between the targeted people. The entrepreneurs uses LinkedIn for getting their investors, venture capitalists mainly for the funding of their respective projects. LinkedIn helps in providing more utility top the entrepreneurs which helps in executing their respective businesses by saving time and not harassing the other people concerned. The most important feature of LinkedIn as compared with facebook is that, it creates the differentiation for the development of personal branding by highlighting the personal experiences in the users profile and keeps on upgrading the data by the help of the user. Moreover, it provides both a personal account as well as companys account for the enhancement of the growth of any of the firm concerned. It was founded in the year 2003 having the aim of professional integration. It offers a premium and standard packages for the respective users which helps in highlighting the crea tivity along with the skills of the employees and provides SEO facility for all its respective users. The use of LinkedIn can be used as a function game-changing for the respective businesses of the concerned entrepreneurs and this can also be used for those people with whom the entrepreneurs daily work (Hoyer, Pieters, MacInnis, 2013). LinkedIn allows the entrepreneurs and the different professionals to replace their desired hope with decisive action through the context. There has been a critical difference between LinkedIn and facebook as LinkedIn refers to the desired collection of all the new technologies as a form of the social and it significantly enhances the personal image of the entrepreneurs throughout different parts of the world. Some of the examples of famous LinkedIn users are Bill Gates, Richard Branson, Barbara Corcoran and Sean Parker. One of the significant uses of LinkedIn is that it increases the network utility of the users and therefore it becomes easy to get in touch with a large number of the people (Perreau, 2013). YouTube Presentation makes a simple thing look much attractive. For that, videos are being uploading in online basis, which made the advertisement easier. In entrepreneur Industry, it is crucial for the entrepreneurs have to show their personal image and build trust with the users which finally help in evaluating their respective career in the technology field. YouTube helps the different entrepreneurs in presenting their creative ideas and showing their skills and expertise throughout a wide area of the audiences (Schiffman, Kanuk, Wisenblit, 2010). The more personal brands video are been uploaded, the more presentable way, the more will be the entrepreneur explores globally ("What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript, Study.com", 2016). Some people prefer to have collections very unique from the others, which may be of different regions and want the latest collections, so, one can easily get a look in YouTube videos, about all these. Recommendations From all the discussions till now its all about branding business, which has been made easier by Social media sites. The rankings can be provided to these three social media websites on the basis of their effectiveness, features and popularity. Facebook is the top most social media platform which is used by well known entrepreneurs and maximum number of the users, so it is ranked as first. LinkedIn can be ranked to be the second as it helps the entrepreneurs to show their desired capability and skills and its upgrading features has attracted a large of the users. YouTube can be ranked as third because it can be only be used by uploading videos reflecting the skills and the creativity of the respective entrepreneurs. Advertising through Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, and much more is useful for branding purposes. It is one of the most vital parts of every organization for good advertisement, and connectivity in between customers and the service provider. The entrepreneur also needs to b e known whether the business is growing or not, whether the service providers are able to satisfy customers or not, by providing right servicing, getting feedbacks of the customers. The use of the LinkedIn is mainly for the enhancement of the business work processes of the respective entrepreneurs (media, 2016). It becomes very crucial to improve the connectivity process along with the effective use of the Facebook tools in the development of the personal image of the respective entrepreneurs. Facebook helps in targeting particular are of the market segments for the promotions and thus, the entrepreneurs need to identify the desired area and the need of the people for the effective promotions. Moreover, there needs to be the creation of the Channels through YouTube as it accounts for more number of the people to watch the videos of the concerned entrepreneurs. One of the significant features of Facebook is that it targets a particular are of the market segments for the promotion of the entrepreneurs of their respective business purposes and this needs to be improved. On the other hand, YouTube is one of the most popular social media websites where people watch the respective videos of the entrepreneurs defining their own personality and people likes or dislikes as per their own opinion. References Belk, R., Askegaard, S., Scott, L. (2012).Research in consumer behavior. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Cheng, T. Choi, T. (2010).Innovative quick response programs in logistics and supply chain management. Berlin: Springer. Evans, D. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.pauladaunt.com/books/Social%20Media%20Marketing.pdf [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. Girard, J., and Girard, J. (2011). Social knowledge. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice. (2012).Journal Of Consumer Marketing,29(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm.2012.07729caa.002 Hoyer, W., Pieters, R., MacInnis, D. (2013).Consumer behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Matt Heinz, M. (2016).Six Essential Social Media Tools for Every Small Business. [online] Available at: https://www.heinzmarketing.com/downloads/Six%20Essential%20Social%20Media%20Tools%20for%20Every%20Small%20Business.pdf [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. media marketing, m. (2016). [online] Available at: https://1stsystem.com/pdf/social-media-marketing.pdf [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. media, m. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/IPEI_ebiz_smmkt.pdf [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. Perreau, F. (2013).The 4 factors influencing consumer behavior.Theconsumerfactor.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://theconsumerfactor.com/en/4-factors-influencing-consumer-behavior/ Reny, P. (2015). A Characterization of Rationalizable Consumer Behavior.Econometrica,83(1), 175-192. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta12345 Rohm, A. (2014).Herding cats. New York: Business Expert Press. Schiffman, L., Kanuk, L., Wisenblit, J. (2010).Consumer behavior. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Standard, B. (2016).Search.Business-standard.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.business-standard.com/search?type=newsq=E-commerce What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016).Study.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-consumer-behavior-in-marketing-factors-model-definition.html What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT? (2016).Managementstudyguide.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-consumer-behaviour.htm Ottman, J. (2011).The new rules of green marketing. San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Perrey, J., Spillecke, D. and Armstrong, B. (2011).Retail marketing and branding. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley. Rohm, A. (2014).Herding cats. New York: Business Expert Press. Scott, D. (2010).The new rules of marketing and PR. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons.

Tuesdays With Morrie Essays - Self-help Books, Morrie Schwartz

Tuesday's With Morrie tuesdays with morre is a sad story. It is about a friendsip beetween a college professor and his student. When Mitch went to college at Brandeis University he had a college professor name Morrie Schwartz. Though the four years that Mitch went to college they became really good friends. Mitch asked Mr.Morrie if he could be his mentor. To Teach him all of the things life had to offer. After Mitch graduated from college they agreed to stay in touch. Mitch got a great job offer to be a sports columnist in Detroit, so he took it. Well time went by and they called each other every so often, but after awhile Mitch was much to busy with work that he lost touch with Mr. Morrie. He thought about him every once in awhile but never called or wrote him. One night when he was watching television he saw Mr. Morrie on nightline. That night he learned that Mr. Morrie had Lou Gehrig's disease. After Mitch heard about his illness he called him. Mr. Morrie was glad to hear from Mitch. He told him that he had a lot of things he wanted to discus with him before he died. It was a class and he was the only student. the class met on Tuesdays. It began after breakfast. The subject was the meaning of life. It was taught with experience. No grades were given, but there were oral exams each week. He was expected to respond to questions, and you were expected to pose questions of your own. No books were required, yet many topics were coverd, including love, work, community, family, aging, forgiveness, and, finally, death. The last lecture was brief, only a few words. a funeral was held in lieu of graduation. Although no final exam was given, you were expected to produce one long paper on what you learned. The last class of Mr.Morries class had only one student, which was Mitch.

Alone

Alone Alone- Monae Orange Essay Monae Orange Professor Hammer Writing 1 19 November 2014 Alone In â€Å"Confronting Class in the Classroom†, written by bell hooks, hooks discusses the issues of class differences within educational settings. She states that class influences our values, attitudes, and social relations, and the assumptions of how knowledge is presented and digested (65). She believes the voices and ideas of the working-class population are silenced in a classroom setting that mostly consists of middle and upper class students. As a person that identifies with the working class, I agree with her stance on the subject. Throughout high school and even here at UCSB, I have experienced isolation and exclusion. The students who do not identify with middle or upper-class backgrounds are deemed as outsiders, and are forced to either conform to privileged ideology, or continue to remain isolated. Instead of ignoring class as if it has no effect on the way in which topics are discussed, professors should encourage dialogue amongst students in order to allow everyone ’s opinions to be considered, which would in return eliminate the feelings of isolation that are bestowed upon the students who come from working-class backgrounds. Professors should not reinforce an educational hierarchy that censors the opinions, ideas, and views of the working-class by ignoring the apparent class differences and not accommodating them. The opinions, views, and ideas of working-class students are censored in mainly because those students are too intimidated to speak what is on their minds. Throughout high school, I was enrolled in IB/honor classes which were a majority white. I was one of two black students, and even the other black student was upper class. I was extremely intimidated by the other students, because most of these students had degree holding parents, and education was obviously important in their families. I was afraid to say the wrong thing, or raise my hand to give the wrong answer, so for two years I sat in those classes with my mouth shut , never to speak unless spoken to. In the words of hooks, â€Å"Most students are not comfortable exercising this right [of free speech]- especially if it means they must give voice to thoughts, ideas, feelings that go against the grain, that are unpopular†(66). In this quote, hooks states that students do not feel comfortable voicing their opinions because they go against the majority’s views. These students are hesitant to speak up because they know that their views are not widely supported. Students are even more so hesitant to voice an opinion that differs from the professor, because the education system has been designed to make instructors the authority figure. To go against or question the respected opinions of a degree-holding professor goes against everything we have been taught since primary school. To do so would conflict with the order of power within the classroom. Students allow these components to intimidate them, which then cause their apprehensiveness and isolation. Isolation is reinforced in the ways that students who come from working class backgrounds are expected to abandon their class markers, such as their â€Å"vernacular culture†, in order to conform to the lifestyle of the privileged that is present in university settings. Here at UCSB, demographically, the black population only makes up 3.5 percent of the undergraduate population. I am part of that small 3.5 percent. I am not saying that all 3.5 percent of the African American students come from a working-class or poor background, but I do fall under that category. I often find myself stuck between a rock and a hard place when it comes to demeanor. The â€Å"acceptable† behavior and dialogue required to succeed here at UCSB are too different than the dialogue and behavior that I am comfortable with portraying around family or friends. The struggles to mask class markers, such as â€Å"black language†, attitude, or views, constantly make me question my presence here at

Pruposess of Bills in the US Congress

Pruposess of Bills in the US Congress The bill is the most commonly used form of legislation considered by the US Congress. Bills may originate in either the House of Representatives or the Senate with one notable exception provided for in the Constitution. Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution provides that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives but that the Senate may propose or concur with amendments. By tradition, general appropriation bills also originate in the House of Representatives. Purposes of Bills Most bills considered by Congress fall under two general categories: Budget and spending, and enabling legislation. Budget and Spending Legislation Every fiscal year, as part of the federal budget process, the House of Representatives is required to create several â€Å"appropriations† or spending bills authorizing the expenditure of funds for the daily operations and special programs of all federal agencies. Federal grant programs are typically created and funded in the appropriations bills. In addition, the House may consider â€Å"emergency spending bills,† which authorize the expenditure of funds for purposes not provided for in annual appropriations bills. While all budget- and spending-related bills must originate in the House of Representatives, they must also be approved by the Senate and signed by the president as required by the legislative process. Enabling Legislation By far the most prominent and often controversial bills considered by Congress, â€Å"enabling legislation† empower appropriate federal agencies to create and enact federal regulations intended to implement and enforce the general law created by the bill. For example, the Affordable Care Act – Obamacare – empowered the Department of Health and Human Services, and several of its sub-agencies to create what are now hundreds of federal regulations to enforce the intent of the controversial national health care law. While enabling bills create the overall values of the law, such as civil rights, clean air, safer cars, or affordable health care, it is the massive and rapidly-growing collection of federal regulations that actually define and enforce those values. Public and Private Bills There are two types of billspublic and private. A public bill is one that affects the public generally. A bill that affects a specified individual or a private entity rather than the population at large is called a private bill. A typical private bill is used for relief in matters such as immigration and naturalization and claims against the United States. A bill originating in the House of Representatives is designated by the letters H.R. followed by a number that it retains throughout all its parliamentary stages. The letters signify House of Representatives and not, as is sometimes incorrectly assumed, House resolution. A Senate bill is designated by the letter S. followed by its number. The term companion bill is used to describe a bill introduced in one chamber of Congress that is similar or identical to a bill introduced in the other chamber of Congress. One More Hurdle: The Presidents Desk A bill that has been agreed to in identical form by both the House and Senate becomes the law of the land only after: The President of the United States signs it; orThe president fails to return it, with objections, to the chamber of Congress in which it originated, within 10 days (Sundays excepted) while Congress is in session; orThe presidents veto is overridden by a 2/3 vote in each chamber of Congress. A bill does not become law without the presidents signature if Congress, by their final adjournment, prevents its return with objections. This is known as a pocket veto.

Competitive use of Information at E-bay.com Essay

Competitive use of Information at E-bay.com - Essay Example Most relevant influencing factor that paved the way for a new thrust in doing business is the prolific use of technological advancement and application generated by the Internet. Global organizations reportedly operate within an Internet economy. According to Fichter (2003), â€Å"the term â€Å"Internet economy† emphasizes the networking of economic actors and processes by means of electronic communication media and the related change in structures of value creation, mechanisms of market function, professional life, and consumption patterns† (p. 26). Likewise, Bazdan (2011) asserted that â€Å"one of the newest evolving positive trends is electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce. The process consists of buying and selling various products or services over electronic systems, such as the Internet and other computer networks† (p. 45). From among the most identifiable successful participants in the Internet economy, two organizations from the United States are prominent: eBay.com and Amazon.com (Bazdan 2011). The current discourse focuses on presenting a critical analysis of eBay, including its brief historical overview, strategies and analysis of its performance using Porter’s five forces and SWOT. History of E-Commerce (The Digital Age) Different studies have identified the origin of e-commerce from varied time frames. The earliest originating date was noted that â€Å"in its purest form, electronic commerce has existed for over 40 years, originating from the electronic transmission of messages during the Berlin airlift in 1948. From this; Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) was the next stage of e-commerce development† (Obayi, 2011, p. 18). According to Hiser, Lanka, Li & Oliver (n.d.) the date that was identified to originate e-commerce was 1984 when â€Å"EDI, or electronic data interchange, was standardized through ASC X12. This guaranteed that companies would be able to complete transactions with one another reliably† (p. 1). Both sources have acknowledged EDI as commonly present and instrumental in the development and growth of e-commerce. The popularity of use and applications offered by the Internet in 1993 was noted to have made a wave of effects, specifically labeled as first and second waves of the internet economy (Fichter, 2003). This meant that the evolution of global organizations that increasingly relied on the Internet gradually shifted their focus from â€Å"stationary computers and terminal devices† (Fichter, 2003, p. 26), to the proliferated use of mobile and telecommunication devices that could be linked directly on the organizations’ Internet providers. The term e-commerce was likewise defined as â€Å"an electronic transaction is the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, governments, and other public or private organizations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. The goods and servi ces are ordered over those networks, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on- or off-line† (OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2001; cited in Fichter, 2003, p. 27). Likewise, Obayi (2011) clearly stipulated that e-commerce includes the following essential ingredients, to wit: â€Å"1. Electronic trading of physical goods and of intangibles such as information. 2. All the steps involved in trade, such as on-line marketing, ordering payment and support for delivery. 3. The electronic provision of services such as after sales support

What people-management tools can be applied to enhance levels of Essay

What people-management tools can be applied to enhance levels of service quality exhibited by low-budget flight attendants You need to justify your recommendations on theoretical and empirical evidence - Essay Example The productivity of human resources depends on the way human resource managers manage them during their working hours on the job. If human resources are managed effectively, the result is always an increase in their motivation and drive to do work. The work of these managers is therefore to look for ways to enhance their motivation and all other things will fall into place. Managers who are ineffective in their performance sometimes face opposition and rejection by workers, they may face sabotage for those decision and strategies that are implemented in the hope of ensuring increased performance in the organization. The Flight Industry is one of the sectors that are associated with a lot of prestige by many people. Employees joining the industry are always beaming with huge expectations of better pay and flight adventure in destinations across the world. The fact is that like other industries, there are companies that offer low cost flight services to the clients, this means that, flight attendants have to be prepared to cope in such an industry in order to enjoy their work responsibilities and grow their careers. In the flight industry, emotions are a normal part of life; this is the case in any service industry. Workers are expected to keep smiling and showing their clients a happy face even when the flight attendants are experiencing work stress (Suvanto, 1989, p. 23). New employees who are brought on board as flight attendants must learn how to adapt to the demanding work circumstances; they have to understand that smiling is an important thing that has to be maintained. In general, emotions play an important role in any work environment, they tell the kind of experiences that one is passing through, positive emotions elicit increased motivations that increase work performance. Emotional management is one of the most important responsibilities of human

Gram Staining and Distilled Water Essay Example for Free

Gram Staining and Distilled Water Essay The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to properly perform a gram stain and to also understand how gram staining can help identify either gram-positive or gram-negative organisms in the laboratory. The materials needed for this experiment included: two microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in a slant agar, an inoculating loop, a microscope slide, distilled water, a Bunsen burner, four dyes (crystal violet, Grams iodine, ethyl alcohol, and safranin), bibulous paper, and a dye tray. The method for this experiment was as follows: 1) Cleaned the microscope slide with both soap and water and then dried 2) Flamed the inoculating loop with the Bunsen burner and then applied two small drops of water to each side (horizontally) of the slide 3) Flamed the inoculating loop again, allowed it to cool, and obtained a small sample of the first organism 4) Mixed the organisms on the inoculating loop with one of the drops of the water on the slide and spread to a nickel-sized drop 5) Repeated steps 3 and 4 for the other organism using the second water drop on the slide 6) Allowed the samples to dry and then heat fixed both samples. Applied the crystal violet dye, let it soak for 20 seconds, and then washed the dye away with distilled water off into the dye tray 8) Applied the Grams iodine and let it soak for a minute 9) Washed it off with alcohol for 20 seconds (or until the dye stopped running), and then immediately washed with the distilled water 10) Applied the counter-stain, safranin, and let it soak for a minute. 11) Washed with distilled water after and gently blotted it dry with bibulous paper 12) Observed both microorganisms on slide under the microscope Two different results were observed under the microscope. The first one was purple colored cocci, and the picture of the slide is on the following page. The second one revealed pink-colored rods, and the image is on the page following the first microorganisms. The results of the experiment came out as expected. There didnt seem to be any flaws in the experiment, since the colors were distinctly different. The purple cocci were identified as the Staphylococcus aureus. Because the violet dye penetrated the membrane and stained it, it was recognized as a gram-positive organism. The pink rods were Pseudomonas florescens. It was discovered to be a gram-negative organism because the organism didnt stain from the crystal violet. Since everything was easily identifiable, the experiment seemed to have gone as planned.

King Lear: Egg-as-crown Metonymy Essay -- Shakespeare Literature

In metonymy†¦ the literal term for one thing is applied to another with which it has become closely associated because of a recurrent relationship in common experience. Thus â€Å"the crown† or the scepter can be used to stand in for a king. (Abrams’ Glossary of Literary Terms, 98) In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, the Fool compares King Lear’s Crown to an egg. Shakespeare’s use of metonymy to replace the crown with an egg implies that Lear’s kingship is fragile and brittle, on the verge of breaking at any moment. We find through the narrative of the play that this is indeed true; King Lear’s kingdom crumbles due to his foolish mistakes. King Lear’s first mistake of laziness and selfishness leads to the banishment of Cordelia and Kent. The revelation of his mistakes leads to madness and eventually his death. The egg-crown metonymy here is effective. Both the egg and the crown represent something precious and delicate, making the two interchangeable. King Lear is the figurehead of his kingdom with his power and command drawn from his crown. His crown is also a symbol for his kingdom which is essential to his ego and can be supported with the scene where he asks his daughters to tell him how much they love him. â€Å"Which of you shall we say doth love us most, /That we our largest bounty may extend /Where nature doth with merit challenge.† (I, i, 53-55) King Lear demands a public display of affection from his daughters because it demonstrates his dominance. The betrayal of Goneril and Regan destroys King Lear’s ability to command, as competition between the two sisters’ shatters his kingdom like an egg. Lear’s relationship to his crown can be compared to a hen and her egg; both mean the world to their owners, and bot... ..."When thou clovest thy / crown i' the middle and gavest away both parts, thou [†¦] hadst little wit in / bald crown," (I.iv.14). Metonymy of egg-crown in King Lear is effective, the fragility and cracking of an egg is examined and compared to the crown, kingdom, and kingship. An egg is naturally fragile and in King Lear, so is the crown. King Lear’s laziness leads to a series of events that ultimately causes the kingdom to collapse, similar to an egg with the slightest crack. Works Cited Essay/term paper: king lear: lear the tragic hero. (2010, 11). Retrieved from http://www.dreamessays.com/customessays/King%20Lear/2755.htm King lear symbolism, imagery & allegory. (2010, 11). Retrieved from http://www.shmoop.com/king-lear/symbolism-imagery.html Shakespeare, William. King Lear. New Revised Edition. New York, NY: Penguin, 1987. Print.

Person centred approaches in adult social care Essay

Person- centred approaches are an essential part involving good working practice when working with clients/ service users. Ensuring that everything to do with individual care is built around them. Also allowing them to be independent as possible and makings their own decision on how they would like to be supported. 1.2 Explain why person-centred values must influence all aspect of social care work. Person-centred values must influence all aspect of social care work because the law requires us to do so. The Human Right Act 1998, Health and Social care Act 2012 and Codes of practice for social care workers etc. By following the process of person-centred values will allow the individuals being care for feel as if. They are treated with respect has an individual see more:describe how active participation benefits an individual They are supported in accessing their rights They are supported to exercise choices Ensure they have privacy if they want it They are support to be as independent as possible They are treated with dignity and respect 1.3 Explain how person centred values should influence all aspects of social care work Person centred values should influence all aspects of social care work, by respecting individuals at the centre of their own care. We as care workers must focus on what the person’s needs and they want their support to be provided. Outcome 2 Understanding how to implement a person-centred approach in an adult social care setting 2.1 Explain how finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual contributes to their care plan. Finding out these information can contribute to their care plan by giving carers valuable information on how to care for the individual in better-suited way, that’s more likely to make them feel comfortable and respected as a person. For example knowing how their preference will give working the knowledge on what likes and dislikes, so will response better to their care. 2.2 Describe ways to put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. You can put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. For example in a situation  where a service user decides he/she wants to take part b in a certain sport but their parent is against the idea. Your main focus are to: Put the priority of the service user first Make sure the service user has the support they need in order to make choices Make arrangements for extra support if necessary Treat service user with respect and dignity Services revolve around the person, not the other way round Even in complex or difficult situations, always keep the service user at the centre. 2.3 Evaluate the use of care plans in applying person-centred values. The most important part of a care plan is the outcomes that the individual want to achieve, the care plan helps the individual work towards those outcomes. The individual should be at centre. 2.4 Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s changing needs or preferences. It is important to monitor an individual’s changing needs and preferences because this indentifies the most important goals and services and what is needed to achieve them. This helps to makes sure we are keeping up with the service users needed and changes, for example: Personal care Medication Activities Mobility Outcome 3 Understand the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support 3.1 Describe factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent. It is important for a support worker to be mindful and be considerate of the situation, because the capability to make decisions among individuals are different. It may looks quite simple to think that people with mental impairment, physical illness or people how have got language barriers, may have affect their capabilities to express agreement. A professional carer will understand how to work sensitively with service user, individually and put in place goals to achieve towards successful outcomes. The mental capacity act clearly states that every adult has the right to make their own decisions. It must be assumed that they have the capacity to do so, unless it has been proven otherwise. It also states people should be support in making their own decisions. 3.2 Explain how to  establish consent for an activity or action. As an overall principle consent should be gained for all activity, even if it is something small as plumping some ones pillows, you should always gain consent. It is vital that people not only give their consent but also fully understand what they are giving consent to and the implications of this. Consent can be implied, verbal, informed or written. Gaining consent protects both the carer and the person against legal challenge. It is now common to challenge the opinions of doctors, nurses and other health workers. People have become more comfortable with the idea of being asked for their views and consent. If no consent is given you cannot proceed with the care. It is illegal to put pressure on the person and go against their wished. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. It is worthwhile to repeat information again to be certain that any questions or concerns have been answered. If a service user refuses or any issues been expressed, you should record and report to your manager straight away. Outcome 4 Understand how to implement and promote active participation 4.1 Explain the principles of active participation. Active participation is about assist individuals to have a complete and active part in every aspects of their life. This will involves making decisions about personal issues on clothing, food and living arrangements, also on the delivery of their care. 4.2 Explain how the holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. Holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. This can be achieved by looking at the individual as hole when supporting their needs and preferences. When you look at the individual as a hole, it will give you a platform in helping the individual in achieving their goals. 4.3 Explain how to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented. The way to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented are by: Having discussions with individual. Encouraging the individual using useful information. Using friends and family to encourage them. Highlighting the benefits of the activity. Recognising their achievements and celebrating it no matter how small it is. 4.4 Explain how to promote the understanding and use of active participation. The way to promote the understanding and used of active participation are, to support your colleagues are on the same path when supporting the individual, the individual may having been used their care and support delivered where they had no control and little choice, so as a carer we will have to be sensitive and patients when introducing active participation. Also family members may be against the active participation approach, as they may feel the individual is vulnerable and may not make the right choices. Its most like the family members are just trying not to protect the individual from risks, therefore don’t just jump assumptions that are being difficult but instead work the family and the individual to help get used to the new approach and the benefits it will eventually bring. Outcome 5 Understand how to support an individual’s right to make choices 5.1 Describe different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices. The different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices include: Discussion- to support an individual to question or questions decisions effecting them that are made by others. Providing relevant information guidance from friends or family using an advocate or support service. 5.2 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. This depends on the mental capacity of the individual you are supporting. It is important that you must gain their permission and then you should encourage them to specify exactly as much help they need from you. Then you can offer further information, suggestions, and a plan to challenge such decisions. You could suggest to be their spokesperson if they weren’t confident enough talk, or to accompany them to any hearing or appointment. However, if the person is mentally impaired, you would have to get their signed permission to speak and act on their behalf before any health or social care workers would listen to you. As an issues of confidentiality, you either have to be next of kin, or obtain powers of attorney or guardianship. 5.3 Explain the consequences of allowing the personal views of others to influence an individual’s choices. The consequences that could occur when the personal views of others are involved in influencing an individual’s choices. The possible consequences are: The individual might not get their preferred care, depressed and sidelined, it might affect their confidence and self-esteem, they might withdraw from making future choices etc. Outcome 6 Understand how to promote individual’s well-being 6.1 Explain the link between identity, self-image and self-esteem. Self-image is about how people see themselves and self-esteem is how people value themselves. If a person see or value themselves, lower or highly this will make up their identity. 6.2 Explain factors that contribute to the well-being of an individual. Well-being is defined as the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Therefore the factors that contributes to the well-being of an individual are, being treated as an individual getting the dignity and respect like any other human being, being able to make choices, good communication, Active Participation and being able to lead a healthy life. 6.3 Explain the importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem. The importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem, are that if help the individual feel like a value part of society and their views and choices matters. The ways to go about this are, find out about them by reading care plans and asking them or family about them, do not judge them, listen them and their issues. Encourage them to try new things out of their comfort zone, always focus on the positives, praising their efforts and achievements. Also being patient and consistent with them by doing so their self-image and self-esteem should grow. 6.4 Describe ways to contributes to an environment that promotes well-being. Outcome 7 Understand the role of risk assessment in enabling a person centred approach 7.1 Compare different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings. The different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings to an individual or other from physical or emotional have. A risk assessment is careful measures that are taken to minimise the changes of risks. The risk could happen in different ranges working tasks or activities that are undertaken. The tasks or activities could result in risks if injuries, harm, infections, emotional and physical abuse and  stress. It is legal requirement for a risk assessment to be carried out. Also a risk assessment should not be done as a reason to stop people from making choices. 7.2 Explain how risk assessment relates to rights and responsibilities. Risk assessment relates to rights and responsibilities in the following ways: It is legally required by law that we as carers acknowledges any possibly risk associated with the individual being care for and that the risks are assessed and to precautions are taken. Risk assessments are done to assess the number of risks related to things such as individual’s, hobbies/interests, personal hygiene, mobility, behaviour. This minimise the individual chances of harm or injuries. The risk assessments underline the risks and give the solutions as to how to handle and prevent the risks from occurring. 7.3 Explain how risk taking relates to rights and responsibilities. Risk taking relates to rights and responsibilities are that individuals have the right to take risk, just as we take risks every day. For example going on a plane knowing there is a possibility could crash. So if an individual wants to go out into the communities alone even though we might not think cable, they have rights to do so. This is where a risk assessment can make something that might have seem unlikely become possible. Which would result in an individual having a sense of control in their life. 7.4 Explain why risk assessments need to be regularly revised. The reasons risk assessments needs to be regularly revises, are that an individual condition has improved or declined. So a risk assessment would have to be reviewed to allow them to do something that they are now cable of or to ensure their safety. Also it could the risk has been change insults of new developments. 7.5 Explain the importance of using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice. It is our duty to promote the rights and support the choices of an individual. Risk assessments provide support for individual’s to handle choices in the safest way possible. Where the individual is able to make an informed choice and still wishes to carry out a high risk decision or choice, having a signed risk assessment is one way of showing that they are aware of the risks and are still willing to take them.

Opposing Viewpoints: Jefferson and the Lousiana Purchase

Jefferson Goes Against His Own Philosophy: Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of 828,000 square miles of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. The Louisiana territory encompassed all or part of 15 current U. S. states and two Canadian provinces. At the time, the purchase faced domestic opposition because it was thought to be unconstitutional. Although Thomas Jefferson agreed that the U. S.Constitution did not contain provisions for acquiring territory, he decided to go right ahead with the purchase anyway in order to remove France's presence in the region and to protect both U. S. trade access to the port of New Orleans and free passage on the Mississippi River. Thomas Jefferson was strongly anti-federalist. While he might have written the Declaration of Independence, he definitely did not author the Constitution. Instead, that document was mainly written by James Madison. Jefferson spoke against a strong fede ral government and instead advocated states' rights.He feared tyranny of any kind and only recognized the need for a strong, central government in terms of foreign affairs. He felt that all powers given to the National Government were enumerated. If they were not expressly mentioned in the Constitution then they were reserved to the states. By completing this purchase, Jefferson had to put aside his principles because the allowance for this type of transaction was not expressly listed in the Constitution. Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution.Many people believed Jefferson were being hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. There were several effects of Jefferson's decision to go against his own philosophy. It can be argued that his taking liberties with the Constitution in the name of need would lead to future Presidents feeling justified with a continual i ncrease in the elasticity of the Constitution. Jefferson should rightly be remembered for the great deed of purchasing this enormous tract of land, but one wonders if he might regret the means in which he earned this fameNecessary and Beneficial Westward Expansion: Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was one of the largest land deals in history. In 1803, the United States paid approximately $15 million dollars for over 800,000 square miles of land. The purchase spurred along the beginning of America's fascination with exploring the west. With the purchase of this new territory, the land area of America nearly doubled. This land deal was arguably the greatest achievement of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, but also posed a major philosophical problem for Jefferson.As a strong Republican, Jefferson did not believe in straying from the exact words of the Constitution. With the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson had clearly not followed his own strict interpretation of the Constitution. Federalist critics howled that the Constitution nowhere permitted the federal government to purchase new land. Jefferson was troubled by the inconsistency, but in the end decided that the Constitution's treaty-making provisions allowed him room to act. As a president, he wisely allowed for his own views to bend in order to better the nation as a whole.Although Jefferson’s view of strict-interpretation did not allow for the purchase, Jefferson’s actions were justified. Waiting for a Constitutional amendment might cause the deal to fall through. In 1801, Spain and France signed a secret treaty ceding Louisiana to France. France suddenly posed a potential threat to America. There was a fear that if America did not purchase New Orleans from France, it could lead to war. The change of ownership of this key port resulted in its closing to Americans. Therefore, Jefferson sent envoys to France to try and secure its purchase.With increased pressure, Jefferson decided to go thro ugh with the purchase. Luckily, the people of the United States basically agreed that this was an excellent move. The Louisiana Purchase demonstrates Jefferson's ability to make pragmatic political decisions. Although contrary to some of his central principles, guaranteeing western expansion was so important to Jefferson's overall vision that he took bold action. Increased resources, westward expansion, and a growing sense of national pride all resulted from the purchase. The gains were dramatic, as the territory acquired would in time add 13 new states to the union.

Letter to Hamlet Essays

Letter to Hamlet Essays Letter to Hamlet Essay Letter to Hamlet Essay Essay Topic: Hamlet Dear Hamlet, I cannot hide my thoughts and emotions. I cannot bear this torment longer; I must let out the beast within me. This world, this mad, sad world, it has driven me close to insanity. Its like a blade, folds of a thousand and each fold only make it stronger, like the madness I am fueling on. Every day as I live, I tell myself that I should smile and go along with the commands of my father, brother, and you. Your orders Hamlet, I have gone according to every wish you have asked. But why? Why should I go around following and letting the likes of you order me around? All men are the same. You, father, brother, everyone in this sad world! Oh, Yes lord this, Yes Lord that, Yes Lord everything! Why? Is it because I am a woman you can order me around as you wish!? I am disgusted by what everyone think of me. You men frustrate me every time. Oh, Hamlet, do you think I am your slave? A maid? A simple object you can use and toss around with? All you typical men speak to me with disrespect and corruption. â€Å"Or, if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them†. Really? Marry a fool? Cheat on them? You really think I’m that of a monster to do any of that? You probably think us women are just prostitutes, a sex object you can come to and please yourself. Well, we’re not, and without us you probably can’t even cook, clean, or do anything by yourself. Just because your whore of a mother married your uncle without a split second to think about her marriage, doesn’t give you the right to believe that I will do the same. Every one of you hopeless men can’t do anything without us, yet you still mistreat and use us for your greed. Oh, I only wish I were to liv e in a society where both men and women are equal and where free speech is allowed. I live each day with no such freedom, only to be forced to obey all commands of your kind. You might thought I would defy any such orders. No, such action would bring severe punishments. This society, nothing will stop you men from using us as tools. The harsh social inequality affects me like a burn, oh, how do I live in such world. It’s like I’m underwater, unable to breathe. All this ruthless chaos in the air, how can I live on with such peaceful mind. Right after your uncle became king, you’ve become a lunatic I tell you. You weren’t like this before. You were so loving and caring, and most of all happy. But when you came into my room that day, grabbing my arm and looked deep into my eyes, I knew something wasn’t right. That ugly image of you dirty and foul smell, it has left a mark on my head forever remembering that sad scene. Has the fallen king driven you so deep into madness that you can’t even see your foolish actions have affected the surrounding people? Well, it has. Especially when you cold-heartedly killed my beloved father, oh my father whom I loved wholeheartedly loved so dear much. Oh the sadness and agony, how do you still walk on this land not feeling guilt or shame? Have you ever thought about how your actions could affect my brother and I? My well being? My mentality? I’m sure you knew who was behind the curtains, but your madness wouldn’t allowed such second thoughts. Oh, why Hamlet? Why do you do these hideous actions? What has my father ever done to you or your family? We’ve been loyal to the King, Queen, and you, yet you act like God and have sentenced our fate to hell. With such loyalty and respect, is this what we receive in return? Why? Why? Why, Hamlet, Why? The thought of you and the death of my father overwhelms me with horrifying sadness. Oh, the sadness of losing you, both physically and mentally. Oh, my dear Hamlet, I still love you, but it is you who have pushed me away, casted me out and branded me as damaged goods. You left with my heart broken, filled with sadness, pain, and grief. My fragile heart, oh, my fragile heart . It is almost like the world is turning against on me along with my thoughts and actions. Even now if you turn back to normal, I wont go with you. Your hands are dirty and stained with my father’s blood. With my mind almost gone, I don’t believe we can ever meet again the same as we use to. Hell, I can hardly speak to you either. Your mind has already been corrupt. I still think of the day when you visit me and stayed. But that’s the past, and I can’t stop thinking about it even though I want to. I guess, I still love you somewhere in me. If I find the strength of Hercules to live in this vile world, what do I get in return? Nothing. Nothing will happen if I kept chasing you, who has abandoned me for god knows what reason it was. The world is unfair to not only me but others as well. If I stay, what will happen? This society is corrupt; no one gives a damn anymore. The rich only greeds and gains more than they should, and the poor begs for only what they need to survive. All you men use gender inequality as a weapon against us woman. Oh, shall I stay any longer will I continue to suffer? I shall perish into the night and rise as the sun rises, but only as nothing but spirit. To leave this empty world full of chaos will it liberate my grief and despair, and give me an opportunity to start fresh. Yes, it all makes sense now. Death is the only way to escape. Goodbye Hamlet. Goodbye world. Farewell, Ophelia

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Cosmopolitanism Ethics In A World Of Strangers Philosophy Essay The book, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, is a clear and well-written book which is enjoyable to read. K. A. Appiah is himself a citizen of the world: a professor of philosophy at Princeton, with a Ghanian father and an English mother, he was raised in Ghana and educated in England, and also lived in Africa, Europe and North America. After reading this book, I have to say that Appiah skillfully blends his philosophical ideas with anecdotes about his own life and background. It brings us too many places and we come to know him a little and also his father, mother, and various other kinsfolk and tribe members. He introduces us to many traditions, practices and ideas of his African ancestry to clarify his ideas on human interactions, conversations, and globalisation. It reassesses the case for reviving an ancient stream of thought in a world full of strangers, and finds that Cosmopolitanism is a universal trait of humankind. The overall scheme of the book concerns the p rinciples of the existence of different people bound by a simple nexus of common values and humanity.   1.1 Introduction: Marking Conversation Appiah starts with the fact that our ancestors lived in small tribes where they interacted with a small set of people who they knew. Others were of rival tribes and to be viewed with suspicion. Information about other ways of life didnt really flow into the village. That was in the old days. Nowadays, our human world is getting smaller now, because people have more access to each other than ever before in history. We are getting to know and access each other through migration, international trade, tourism, and the worldwide web of information, which comes from radio, television, telephones, and especially the internet. This mass media and the amazing cyberspace give us plenty of opportunities not only that we can affect the lives of others everywhere but that we can to learn about life anywhere, too'(p xiii). The world is getting smaller and we are living in a new global tribe in the face of the world globalization. How are we to deal with these new circumstances? What ideas and institutions can help us to live together in this global village? Appiah addresses the notion of cosmopolitanism, that is the challenge to take minds and hearts formed over the long millennia of living in local troops and equip them with ideas and institutions that will allow us to live together as the global tribe we have become'(p xiii). The notion actually combines two inter-related strands: One is the idea that we have obligations to others, obligations that stretch beyond those to whom we are related by the ties of kith and kin, or even the more formal ties of shared citizenship'(p xv). The other is that we take seriously the value not just of human life but of particular human lives, which means taking an interest in the practices and beliefs that lend them significance (p xv). Appiah believes that it is an obligation to understand those with whom we share this planet. People are different, and there is much to learn from our differences. Because there are so many human possibilities worth exploring, we neither expect nor desire that every person or every society should converge on a single mode of life. Appiah also stresses that whatever our obligations are to others (or theirs to us) they often have the right to go their own way (p xv), it is respect for difference. According to Appiah, cosmopolitanism is more accommodating of diversity than the current liberal consensus but does not fall into moral relativism. Cosmopolitanism embodies two core values: universal concern for all humanity above family and nation and a respect for legitimate difference. Appiah recognizes that these two values clash, and as such cosmopolitanism is the name not of the solution but of the challenge (p. xv). Appiah takes a step further to summarise the challenges, which are: (1) to avoid falling into moral relativism while respecting difference; (2) to find a middle way between an unrooted abstract universalism and self-interested nationalism; (3) to recognise that cultural difference has been exaggerated by an order of magnitude (p. xix); and (4) to work for conversation, in the sense both of association and exchange of ideas, while realising that humanity will never arrive at an agreed hierarchy of universal values. Cosmopolitanism is a process involving the human co mmunity in habits of co-existence, of conversation in its older meaning, of living together, association (p. xix). The crux of getting along is to recognise that while one might live with integrity in accordance with ones own beliefs, one does not need to share the same rationale with someone else to develop this habit of conservation. In the interpretation of cosmopolitanism, Appiah is sympathetic to the view that local loyalties and allegiances are important because they determine who we are. So he encourages us to embrace both local and universal loyalties and allegiances and denies that they necessarily come into conflict with each other. He holds that we need to take sides neither with the nationalist who abandons all foreigners nor with the hard-core cosmopolitan who regards friends and fellow citizens with icy impartiality. The position worth defending might be called (in both senses) a partial cosmopolitanism. So he stakes out his middle ground of partial cosmopolitanism more by talking about what its not. On the positive side, we get a lot of generalities: its important to talk with people from other cultures, to maintain mutual respect, to learn about other ways of life. We need the curiosity inherent in a partial cosmopolitan outlook so that we can get used to one another and live peacefully together. We do not, he stresses, need to share underlying values or agree on everything. 1.2 The Shattered Mirror Appiah argues that looking at the world clearly shows that there are a variety of ways of life and thought. Human beings are different and that we can learn from each others differences (p4). When we are exposed to the range of human customs and beliefs, a cosmopolitan openness to the world is perfectly consistent with picking and choosing among the options you find in your search (p5). However, such exposure to different human customs and beliefs hardly leaves the traveler unattached from his own. Thus, not all disagreements can be resolved and it urges us to accept differences. (pp.4-7) Appiah holds that a complex truth is like images of the shattered mirroreach shard of which reflects one part of a complex truth from its own particular angle. He supposed the deepest mistake is to think that your little shard of mirror can reflect the whole. Actually, Appiah points out that there is no singular truth. In that case, theres no one shattered mirror; there are lots of mirrors, lots of moral truths, and we can at best agree to differ (p11), therefore, we need to embrace pluralism, and adopt a live-and let-live attitude. Appiah cites works by ethnographers, and draws a number of persuasive parallels to establish universality and shared values (good and bad). He stresses that people in far-flung places are the same in that [they] have gods, food, language, dance music, carvings, medicines, family lives, rituals, jokes and childrens tales.   They smiled, slept, had sex and children, wept, and in the end, died (p.14). Another commonality according to Appiah, is that a lot of what we take to be right or wrong is simply a matter of customs.   His argument about ideas and concepts which are common to most cultures in the world, draws further on acts like good parenting, as well as taboo, which exists in his native Ghana (akywandee), or in Igbo land (nso), but is Polynesian in origin. 1.3 The Escape from Positivism Appiah writes of relativism, positivism, and particular the fact and value distinction in this chapter. Appiah claims that the influence of positivism has led to value relativism by splitting values (or ends) from facts about the world (or means), in other words, what philosophers have called the naturalistic fallacy, or the inability to derive an ought from an is. Appiah avers that relativism and positivism often get in the way of the cosmopolitan project and undermine conversation across boundaries. Because every people finds its own ways (to be) good (p16), this conversation is important. It helps us to know others who are different and to learn from them. Simply put, if when we disagree we are both right, then there is nothing to talk about. if we cannot learn from one another what it is right to think and feel and do, then conversation between us will be pointless (p31). From a positivist slant, Appiah observes that what is custom is linked to values, which in the end, guide our acts, thoughts and our feelings (p 25). It is in this context that he underscores that being kind is an attribute of experience more than any other variable since people learn to be kind by being treated kindly and noticing it.   Appiah also emphasises the way our values are shaped by conversations with others, in which we try to shape each others views and feelings, but relativism of that sort isnt a way to encourage conversation, its just a reason to fall silent (p 31) because of the relativists toleration. 1.4 Facts on the Ground The chapter is an attack on the positivist notion of fact. Appiah argues that facts are not as solid as we may suppose. He tries to show that facts are on no more solid ground than values. He uses the example of trying to persuade a traditional Asante (his kinfolk) that witchcraft cannot harm people, to show that facts largely depend on what you already believe and what ideas you already have. 1.5 Moral Disagreement In this chapter, Appiah goes on to look at the various ways we can come in conflict over values, which are more likely to arise between people from different societies. They are: (1) no shared vocabulary of evaluation. Value terms are essentially contestable and they will always be argued about both across cultures and within them. (2) Even when we share the same moral vocabulary, conflict over values might come in varying interpretations of the same vocabulary and (3) giving the same values different weight. However none of this is insurmountable: we can agree to do things without agreeing on why (p67), but more important is Appiahs point, pace Samuel Huntingdon, that most conflict is not articulated through warring values in the first place. In fact, intense conflict may arise through dispute over the meaning of the same values (p67), e.g. on abortion, American pro-lifers and pro-abortionists both respect the sanctity of life, but differ on why it is precious and on when life begin s. To better understand this point, Appiah gives us other example that, the US and Iraq being at war is not because the people of the two countries have different values. But this is not a point the politicians in Washington would readily accept, certainly, not the ideologues.  Here, Appiah analyses that the Golden Rule-what you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others- requires that we should take other peoples interests seriously, take them into account. Appiah suggests that encouraging cosmopolitan engagement, presupposes the acceptance of disagreement.   Perhaps, this is why cosmopolitans endorse as a key aim, that we learn about other peoples situations and then use our imagination to walk in their Moccasins (p.68). He also exposes the failings of the Golden Rule as a principle to live by. Its just that we cant claim that the way is easy. 1.6 The Primacy of Practice Appiah argues that even though moral disagreements can happen and are real, crosscultural conversations about values do not have to end in disagreement, because it is often possible to agree about what to do even when we do not agree on the reasons behind it. For example, we can live in peace and harmony without agreeing on the underlying values. (pp.69-81) Appiah discourages us from insisting on reaching agreements on values by means of reasoned arguments and persuasion. These very often fail to move people. Moreover, if we make this insistence, then we will lose what is worthwhile about conversations across boundaries. As Appiah avers, conversation is hardly guaranteed to lead to agreement about what to think and feel. Yet we go wrong if we think the point of conversation is to persuade, and imagine it proceeding as a debate, in which points are scored for the Proposition and the Opposition. Often enough, as Faust said, in the beginning is the deed: practices and not principles are what enable us to live together in peace (pp.84-85).When Appiah proposes conversations between people, what he has in mind by conversation is really an engagement with the experience and the ideas of others (p85). In this sense, conversations do not have to lead to consensus about anything, especially not values; its enough that it helps people get used to one another (p85). 1.7 Imaginary Strangers Appiah argues that the points of entry to crosscultural conversations are things that are shared by those who are in the conversation. They do not need to be universal; all they need to be is what these particular people have in common (p97). And human beings everywhere have so much in common. These include everyday activities, such as buying things, eating, reading the paper, laughing, going to movies, parties and funerals. They also include universal values such as kindness and generosity. He argues that these can be entry points to cross cultural conversations, because once we have found enough (things which) we share, there is the further possibility that we will be able to enjoy discovering things we do not yet share'(p97), and we can open up more to other ways of thinking, feeling and acting. That is one of the payoffs of cosmopolitan curiosity. Appiah also notes that the problem of cross-cultural communication can seem immensely difficult in theory, when we are trying to imagine making sense of a stranger in the abstract. But the great lesson of anthropology is that when the stranger is no longer imaginary, but real and present, sharing a human social life, you may like or dislike him, you may agree or disagree; but, if it is what you both want, you can make sense of each other in the end (pp.98-99). 1.8 Cosmopolitan Contamination In the seventh chapter called Cosmopolitan Contamination, Appiah argues against those who criticize globalization for producing homogeneity and getting rid of cultural differences. He claims that globalization is also a threat to homogeneity because it creates new forms of difference (p101-105). He thinks that instead of the talk of preserving diversity and trapping people in conditions they want to escape from, we have got to let people choose for themselves. He mentions that cosmopolitans think human variety matters because people are entitled to the options they need to shape their lives in partnership with others (p104). Appiah also writes of the trouble with cultural imperialism, he believes that people in each place make their own uses even of the most famous global commodities (p113). Such as the fact that Levis are worn on every continent. In some places they are informal wear; in others they are dressy'(p113).They are not blank tablets on which global capitalism can write wh atever it wants, they are not fools but they can resist. That is why something does not ever change, like the identity of a society can survive when cultures are made of continuities and changes. 1.9 Whose Culture Is It, Anyway? Appiah begins by pointing out that some of the museums of the world, particularly in the West, have large collections of objects and artefacts which were looted from poor and developing countries. He then asks: who owns these cultural artefacts and properties? Our first answer may be that since they make up the cultural heritage of a people, they belong to the people and culture from whom they were taken. Appiah disputes this and argues that the right way is to take not a national but a cosmopolitan perspective: to ask what system of international rules about objects of this sort will respect the many legitimate human interests at stake (pp.126-127). If some cultural artefacts are of potential value to all human beings, they should belong to all of humanity. He thinks that when they make a contribution to world culture, they should be protected by being made available to those who would benefit from experiencing them and put into the trusteeship of humanity (pp.130-134). Appiah argue s that rather than focusing on returning stolen art and putting a lot of money and effort into it, it may serve the interest of those whose artefacts were stolen better to be exposed to a decent collection of art from around the world, like people everywhere else. 1.10 The Counter-Cosmopolitanism Appiahs writing on Believers without Borders as in Doctors without Borders is instructive in explaining universalism as well as its driving motives and consequences: They believe in human dignity across nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ share ideals with people in many countries, speaking many languagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they would never go to war for (a) country, but they will enlist (in a) campaign against any nation that gets in the way of universal justice.   They are young, global Muslim fundamentalist; they are the recruiting ground of Al Qaeda (pp. 137-138). Appiah goes on to suggest that such fundamentalism exemplifies the universal ethics, which inverts the picture of Cosmopolitanism and in the absence of toleration, turns easily to murder (p141).  For example, Islamic and Christian fundamentalists who seek a community of those who share their faith and reject all national and local allegiances have no tolerance for religious difference. We should be wary of and reject universal community, because they can lead to bloodbaths, which is one lesson we can learn from the sad history of Christian religious warfare in Europe (p141). Then Appiah turns to argue that their universalism is contrary to cosmopolitanism which embraces pluralism and promotes the view that our knowledge is imperfect and provisional and that we might learn something from those we disagree with. As he writes: to say what, in principle, distinguishes the cosmopolitan from the counter-cosmopolitan, we plainly need to go beyond talk of truth and tolerance. One distinctively cosmopolitan commitment is to pluralism. Cosmopolitans think that there are many values worth living by and that you cannot live by all of them. So we hope and expect that different people and different societies will embody different values. (But they have to be values worth living by.) Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is what philosophers call fallibilism the sense that our knowledge is imperfect, provisional, subject to revision in the face of new evidence (p 144). If cosmopolitanism is, in a slogan, universality plus difference, there are the other enemies of cosmopolitanism. They reject universality altogether, and claim that not everyone matters. One such inescapable obligation is this: when you do something that harms someone else, you must be able to justify it. Those we think of are willing to claim that not everyone matters. They tell us why. Such and such people are destroying our nation; they are inferior; It is not actually that they dont matter; its that they have earned our hatred or contempt. They deserve what we are doing to them (pp.150-152). Appiah avers that the real challenge to cosmopolitanism isnt the belief that other people dont matter at all; its the belief that they dont matter very much. Its easy to get agreement that we have some obligations to strangers. We cant do terrible thing to them. (p153) 1.11 Kindness to Strangers Appiah looks at the question of what do we owe strangers? His answer is mainly negative. Appiah begins by referring the viewpoints of Peter Singer and Peter Unger. The Singer principle (from the works of Peter Singer) states: If you can prevent something bad from happening at the cost of something less bad, you ought to do it (p 160). Unger takes it a step further by stating that it would be immoral not to donate all of ones wealth to organizations, such as UNICEF and Oxfam, which benefit less fortunate people. Based on these beliefs, Singer and Unger would likely agree that it would be wrong to spend money on the opera if that money could otherwise be used to save the life of a child (p159-162). Appiah, however, doesnt agree with that decision. He believes that Singer and Unger are missing a key piece of morality and human nature: It is illogical-and just plain wrong- to assume that a person values all lives equally. In reality, a person is likely to value the people around them, su ch as family and friends, and even themselves, over those whom they have never met. Thats not to say that such a person does not care about other, unknown people; it is only to reaffirm the fact that humans prefer familiarity. Cosmopolitanism cannot and does not demand from us to have more sympathy and concern for strangers than those close to us. In addition, Singer and Ungers principles are vague and without exceptions. They dont seem to consider all possible situations and they fail to account for human nature. As Appiah mentions, if everyone spent all of their money to save starving children and none on activities they enjoy, the world would be a flat and dreary place. (p 166) No one would want to live at all if they werent able to do things other than saving other peoples lives. People need entertainment and joy in their lives in order to be happy and successful. These thinkers are mistaken to burden us with incredible obligations which would dramatically reduce the quality of our lives (pp.156-166). It is much more helpful, as Appiah believes, to contribute, in whatever way possible, to a cause that will focus on improving the general living conditions of a location, which, in turn, will eliminate the hunger of the children living there. Providing clean water or a better education system to Third World children will do more for their future than simply feeding them for a day, which, as Appiah points out, may actually be detrimental to the farmers and the economy of the area. And it wouldnt necessarily require all of ones wealth to be donated to the cause in order to make it happen. As Appiah points out, Singer and Unger seem to imply that all values can be measured in a single thin currency of goodness and badness and those decisions should be made based on a comparison of the amounts of this currency for each possible outcome (p 166). That theory is a misguided and an inaccurate one, as it fails to account for outside forces. All decisions must be made by considering the many variables involved; this morality price, as one might call it, is only one such variable. According to Appiah, whatever our obligations are to strangers, they must not be too burdensome because these are not the only obligations that matter. As such, Appiah is correct in his conclusions that neither the Singer principle nor Ungers beliefs should be the sole guiding force in ones decision-making process. While it may be appropriate to assign the morality price a heavy weight when it comes to making a decision, it is impossible to force the human mind to think only of such a value. As Appia h argues, human values and decision making processes should be based on more than just one specific rule-designed by one specific human. The world is too complex for one sentence to handle. Appiah also makes an argument based on the saying that the end justifies the means. Slavery, in and of itself, is wrong; the existence of the pyramids or of the United States, however, is not. Plus, it is unreasonable to assume that giving away all of ones wealth will cause any permanent change. It is more likely that doing so would simply prolong the possibly-dreadful life of a starving child for a set period of time. After that, the living conditions of the child would simply return to their previous state. 2 Evaluations 2.1 The Notion of Cosmopolitanism Appiahs chosen word to describe this task in this book is cosmopolitanism. This term can be traced back to the founding father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece,  Diogenes of Sinope  (c. 412 B.C.). Of Diogenes it is said: Asked where he came from, he answered: I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolità ªs)  [1]  . The word of Cosmopolitan derives from Greek  cosmos  (the  Universe) and  polis (city). Appiah picks this term to suggest the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (moral, religious, political, etc.). According to the meaning which is intended , he finds cosmopolitan superior to globalization, which is an overused word that can mean everything from a marketing strategy to an economic thesis, or multiculturalism, which he says is another shape shifter, which so often designates the disease it purports to cure. App iah admits that cosmopolitanism can have elitist connotations. But its actually a term rooted more in the idea of cosmos the universe: talk of cosmopolitanism originally signaled a rejection of the conventional view that every civilized person belonged to a community among communities. In order to better understand the notion of Cosmopolitanism in the book, it is necessary to make a brief survey of the differences in meaning among some conceptions, which are: relativism, universalism, nationalism, patriotism and liberalism. Relativism refers to any of several descriptive, meta-ethical, or normative positions  regarding the differences in moral or ethical judgments between different people and cultures. Universalism is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for all similarly situated individuals, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexuality, or other distinguishing feature. Nationalism  involves a strong identification of ones social identity with that of a  nation  or state.  Patriotism  is love and devotion to ones country.  Liberalism is the belief in the importance of  liberty  and  equality. And, Cosmopolitanism is in a slogan, universality plus differen ce (p151). 2.2 Relativism and Cosmopolitanism Relativists claim that not everything is local custom, and they argue that education must be morally neutral, and that all values are situational and negotiable. Appiah thinks it is mercifully fading out. Appiah rejects cultural relativism, he pushes it further toward obsolescence and denies a key tenet of relativism, which he describes as the basic suspicion that moral claims just reflect local preferences rather than universal truths. Before relativisms destruction, its proponents relied on the comfortable certainty that tolerance trumped all other values. For relativists, dealing with multiple cultures was easy: Just tolerate everything. But in the absence of that idea, how do we relate to what Appiah calls a world of strangers? Since there are some values that are, and should be, universal, do we deliberately rinse away all expressions of cultural diversity that dont uphold those universals? If values are universal, how can we maintain them while still respecting cultural distinctness? How can we avoid the pitfall those relativists feared, that of imposing our values on others? Appiah makes it work. He avers that Cosmopolitanism helps us find ways to consider such conceptual complexities. As mentioned before, Appiahs cosmopolitanism intertwines two ideas, obligations to others and value of particular human lives. For the cosmopolitan, then, no local loyalty can ever justify forgetting that each human being has r esponsibilities to every other. Those responsibilities are best played out in conversations across differences where the language of values helps us coordinate our lives with one another. 2.3 Globalization Appiah talks about globalization in chapter 7. He is dismissive of those who are critical of globalization and focuses only on one aspect of their criticisms, namely their worry that globalization wipes out local cultures. So he does not address the worry that the global financial institutions and multinational corporations want to expand the world markets for their own interests and that they undercut and weaken local governments, laws, and decision-making. Western industrial nations promote free trade, but this in fact benefits them and makes them richer and more powerful. The agriculture and export subsidies in the West are one of the main causes of agricultural decline in many developing countries. So globalization per petuates and worsens the unequal balance of power between rich industrial and poor developing countries, rather than addressing it in any way. Appiah casts the critics of globalization as people who are afraid of change, but some of the critics are legitimately con cerned with global justice and local sovereignty. 2.4 Cosmopolitan Justice Cosmopolitan justice is discussed in Chapter10, but it is a little weak. One of the main components of Appiahs cosmopolitanism is ethical commitment to strangers. But his view of what this amounts to is very thin. Instead of speculating about what commitments we incur if we want to make the world a substantially better place, Appiah comes up with a list of constraints. He is very critical of the idea of world government as a vehicle for upholding and guaranteeing peoples basic rights. For Appiah the primary mechanism for ensuring basic rights is the nation-state. Appiah then warns us about those who want to burden us with too much and urge us to overlook our obligations to those close to us and to our own self and projects. It is difficult to see how the concerns which underpin cosmopolitan ethics or justice can be addressed solely in the context of national politics. Those who are passionate about cosmopolitan justice are concerned about extreme poverty, tyranny, oppression, and environmental degradation. Seriously addressing these seems to also require working with international organizations which go beyond national borders and forming connections and associations with others elsewhere who have similar goals. Moreover, despite Appiahs legitimate worries about establishing a world government, it is clear that world governing bodies and institutions, such as United Nations and World Bank, already exist, deal with cosmopolitan justice issues, and have much power. At the least, making the world more just would demand that these institutions become more democratic and fair and do a better job of protecting peoples rights. 2.5 Global Conversation Cosmopolitanism works because values like courtesy, hospitality, generosity and reciprocity are widely shared, alongside other basic concepts and social customs, to enable differences to be explored. Appiah thinks that we share enough to work through human differences. Commonality allows for a global conversation. In the end, attaining a state of peaceful, diverse co-existence is more important to cosmopolitanism than resolving all conflict over human values either philosophically or politically. Appiah calls for a global conversation to make our world suitable for coexistence and living well. But he does not refer to appropriate ways. When we look for some enlightenment in the context of Chinese Confucianism, we can find that Confucian toleration has some characteristics of engagement in such conversations; the characteristics are: openness to t